Management comprises

Management comprises of direction and control of a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing that group towards accomplishing a goal. In business, management often encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resourced, technological resources and natural resources. Since the management department is the core of effective operations, strategies and proper procedure must run it. If employers are genuine about participation, the prime area of attention needs to be the daily behavior of managers. This necessitates reviewing the performance, selection and training of managers. The worst thing to do is to promote people into managerial jobs while letting them think that they need not take their managerial responsibilities seriously (p. 10). Participation also needs to be examined in the context of organizational and national culture and the pressures on an organization at particular points in time. Too often the topic is addressed as though the objectives can be achieved simply through mechanistic imposition. To understand what makes of an effective manager, I have studied Rees and Porter’s Skills of Management and interviewed two managers. The first interviewee is Lisa McCormack, a 35 years old Services Manager in a Health Service provider in Ireland. She has a degree in Social Science and a post graduate diploma in management studies. She has also completed computer courses, health and safety courses, and time management and conflict resolution. She has been with her current employer for ten years. Lisa is a full-time Services Manager, whose main responsibilities are matched with that of a manager. Her main responsibilities in her current position include strategic planning for services, report preparation, budget allocation, staff management and working as part of a multi disciplinary team to enhance service provision for their client group. Lisa was employed in 1998 as a Project Coordinator, which included some management duties but a project Manager was responsible for the department. She worked as a project coordinator until 2002 when she was appointed Services Coordinator, which again included some management duties but supervised by a Service Manager. In 2005 she was promoted to become a Service Manager where she takes over full management duties. Management does not take place in a vacuum but in a particular set of circumstances – usually requiring specialist knowledge. It would be unusual for a manager in a specialist environment to have had years of specialist training but only days of management training (p.2). Management escalator is progression of responsibilities, from specialists to managerial, through time to help employees acquire managerial skills overtime while developing operational skills at the same time. This transition, as managerial responsibilities increase and specialist activities decrease, gives the employee a more impeccable expertise in the department. Specialists often acquire managerial responsibilities, and often quite early in their career. Those aspiring to management have found that their entry route is via a specialist department. Consequently, it is appropriate to see that managers have the right blend of specialist and managerial skills and that they are given help in adjusting to managerial roles. The implications of the specialist route into management need to be reflected in the structure of increasingly popular undergraduate programs in business studies. There is a case for such courses having both specialist options and a managerial component. Service management is integrated into Supply Chain Management as the joint between the actual sales and the customer. A service manager reduces high service costs by integrating the service and products supply chain. She also reduces inventory levels of service parts and therefore reduces total inventory costs. She optimizes customer service and service quality. She helps in the increase of service revenue by reducing obsolescence costs of service parts through improved forecasting. A service manager may also minimize technician visits as with her knowledge and expertise, she can fix related problems. There is no way she can miss these skills through her years of specialist activities. She believes that her education has served her very well in gaining promotions but she would consider her informal education within the organization as very relevant to her current managerial position as Increases in the quantity of management training are one thing, ensuring that training is effective is another, (p. 17). Professional experience in the organization teaches helpful application than theories. The second interviewee is a 52 year old Manager of a global clothing production company. He claims that he’s a full time Manager of the Sales Department but states that 50% of his time is spent on managerial responsibilities while 25% of it is spent on changes, which their clients might require in the future and the remaining 25% spent on trying to get new clients. According to Rees and Porter, management operates through various functions, such as: (a) the planning and deciding what needs to happen in the future. It also includes generating plans for action; (b) organizing, which is the making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans; (c) leading and motivating, which is the exhibiting of skills in specialty areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans; and (d) controlling, monitoring, and checking of progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback. From this it can be inferred that though he’s a full-time manager performing specialist responsibilities, he in fact comprises the key skills of an effective manager. He has worked five years as a specialist sales person before becoming a supervisor and four years later became a manager. Managerial responsibility usually flows from specialist expertise; if a person has to run a specialist unit they are unlikely to be able to do this unless they understand what their subordinates are doing and can give appropriate guidance about working methods and end results (p. 6). Another problem that can arise people with background in a particular management specialty. Like other specialists, they may pay too much attention to their area of historic specialization. They may give too much priority in terms of time and decision making to issues in their specialized area (p.11). He has been a very effective sales specialist, which caused his department to expand. Promotion to supervisory or management positions of specialists may reduce or remove the opportunity to do the work for which they were trained and with which they identify (p. 12) but apparently this does not prove as in his case. He has taken a two-year post graduate course in Business Administration and attended many seminars. He says his formal management training, his BA course, is very effective and that he could not have done what he has accomplished now without it. Though role definition must be crystal clear to put a precise boundary between managers and specialists whose responsibilities are both overlapping, the two interviewees show that their managerial position does not take their operational responsibilities away. Organizations must be straightforward when it comes to job descriptions to avoid confusion. The selectors of managers must also be competent since incompetent ones would only appoint those skillful specialists into managerial positions they are not good in or unprepared for. Organizations who assign managerial responsibilities to specialists without formality may also encounter problems such as a demand for high paying specialist jobs, ineffective and reduced incentives for quality work from specialists who perform managerial responsibilities, and specialists encountering difficulty in integrating with colleagues. However, such problems are not demonstrated by both interviewees. Managers should also identify what disciplinary handling skills need to be developed in organizations. Much attention is often paid to serious issues such as dismissal but most disciplinary action is, or needs to be, at the base where action such as counseling and informal warnings may be what is required. Training provided is often heavily oriented around the law and more appropriate for managers than specialists. Focuses on the need to clarify responsibilities, the nature of the skills managers need, the way these skills can be developed and the preventive aspects of discipline. Crucial managerial skills should be identified and categorized into process skills. Source: Rees & Porter, Skills of Management, Chapter 1 Thomson Learning, 2001

Metamorphosis and the Yellow Wallpaper Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Franz Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis† contain many similarities. They both have the common theme of the deterioration of the main character’s life and mind, as well as the theme of the ostracism of outcasts in society. They also both deal with the main characters gaining a freedom through the demise of their previous lives. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is slowly deteriorating in mental state. When she first moves into the room in the old house, the wallpaper intrigues her. Its pattern entrances her and makes her wonder about its makeup. But slowly her obsession with the wallpaper grows, taking over all of her time. She starts to see the pattern moving, and imagines it to be a woman trapped behind the wallpaper. The total deterioration of her sanity is reached when she becomes the woman she imagined in the wallpaper and begins creeping around the room. Similar to the woman in Gilman’s story, Gregor, in â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† watches as his life slowly deteriorates. He woke up one morning to find himself to have taken the shape of a bug. But early on he tried to continue in his normal activities; he focused on how he was going to make it to the train station so he did not miss his train, and how his employer would be upset with his absence from work. Then he begins to realize that he is a bug, and he cannot live his life the same way he used to. His sister begins to take care of him, and he loses touch with everything human that he used to know. His mother and father take away all of his furniture and other possessions. Gregor’s family come to the agreement that the bug must be eliminated, it was not†¦

Cursive Writing Essay

Cursive writing is important because the tactile discipline involved in cursive writing is not found in any other writing forms. The student learns how to control writing tools which helps the learner master rules of formatting. When a student is able to follow rules, he will master creating his own set of values. Cursive writing that entails more hand and eye coordination helps the student use varying skills. Cursive writing also practices visual talent of the child. With proper cursive writing, note taking which is a life skill will definitely be effective in helping the child transform into a productive adult of society. III. Practice writing of letters e, l, g, q and i will assume that the student has learned a, o, c and d. Words that can be formed from these letters, that can be practiced as well are; leg, eel, gel, quail, goal and glad. IV. Teaching activities that provide adequate modelling and oppportunities for practice. a. repeatitive cursive practice Cursive practice is often done using the lined paper with blue, red and blue lines. The child follows a dotted line to practice the letters in the first line. The dotted lines disappear as the practice progress. b. writing non-words A fun way to practice cursive writing of letters is imagining words that do not have meaning and writing it alternately with a partner. The more words the student can think of given a set of letters, the more practice will be done in a fun way. c. filling in the blanks This practice entails preparing sentences with blanks. The words will be written by the student in curive format. References: Berninger, V., & Graham, S. (1998). Language by hand: A synthesis of a decade of research on handwriting. Handwriting Review, 12, 11-25. Connelly, V. , Dockrell, J. , & Barnett, J. (2005). The slow handwriting of undergraduate students constrains overall performance in exam essays. Educational Psychology, 25, 99-107. Edwards, L. (2003). Writing instruction in kindergarten: Examining an emerging area of research for children with writing and reading difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 136. Zaner-Bloser, Inc. http://www. zaner-bloser. com/html/HWgen. html

Cinema Manager Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cinema Manager Induction - Essay Example Also ensuring the workers and management practices conform to a variety of regulations. Other behavior comprises managing the approach to employee benefits and recompense, employee records and personnel policies. These policies are frequently in the form employee manuals, which all employees ought to have (Clark, 2002). HRM can also be helpful because managing people well may pressure so lots of outcomes in an organisation, such as productivity, output, employee participation and investor return, these are all significant to the stakeholders, organisation itself, employees, stockholders, customers and society. Star Cinema Ltd has over 16 theater sites in the U.K. and has more than 1500 employees. The company is looking to expand its business from January 2005 when it acquires more building sites. This will mean employing additional labour in the region of 120 to 130 people. An induction suggestion has been shaped for Entertainment Media Ltd. An induction is an tremendously significant part of the process as it assist to raise issues on health and safety. Statistically additional accidents occur with new employees and this joint with the dangers inside the building industry means it is areas which have to be completely addressed (Fitz-enz, J., 2004). Each novel staff member has dissimilar, and occasionally unique, induction needs. This may be due to individual factors or preceding experience factors. It is so significant that every new staff member's induction programmed be tailored to get together their person needs. It also means that it is not possible to expect or lodge each require, so individuals have to recognise that they have liability for their own induction programmes (Fitz-enz, J., 2000). Study of Cinema The reading of cinema at the university level has turn out to be ever more central in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australasia, located in a number of disciplines such as the history of art, languages and literatures, communications, and up-and-coming work on the histories of accumulation technologies (film among them). At the same time, approaches to film studies which have taken their cue from fictional analyses (formalism, semiotics, auteur, and type theory) have lately seen the challenge of latest intellectual work in the form of "cultural studies," an umbrella word for a crowd of imbricate dangerous projects such as feminism, surprising theory, race studies, post structuralisms, and materialist analyses. This come across, of film studies and cultural studies, is the theme of this collection of essays concerning cinema, by the questions of cultural studies at the forefront (Robbins, S.P.; 2004). This impression demonstrates the wide variety of optimistic impacts local cinemas have on their communities. The sites foster a sense of place and give a center for the local community, whilst ornamental local educational life from side to side the provision of mainstream and/or

A Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomic Footprints Disclose Specificity of Research Paper

A Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomic Footprints Disclose Specificity of Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Arabidopsis Study - Research Paper Example These species also have a signaling role and are very important in carrying out this signaling function, which is evident during various developmental processes such as allelopathic plant-plant interactions, cell elongation, and division, programmed cell death. It may also be noted during environmental processes as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Since a major part of metabolic activities are highly oxidizing, or have very intensive rates of electron flow; as a result, they tend to produce high levels of ROS. The signaling role is important because it produces the control and regulation of various biological processes and the ROS appear to have a dual role for these ROS in plant biology; both as the toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism as well as regulators of the various cell-based processes associated with growth, development as well as patterns of defense. Hence, at the outset, the significance of this study lies in the fact that the importance of reactive oxygen species has been identified, i.e., as a toxic byproduct of the biological processes which tends to function as a signal to regulate the various cell processes. Moreover, another aspect that could also be deduced in relation to this study and the findings of other researchers was outlined in the study that the ROS activity can lead to the oxidative destruction of cells. This is important because it shows that in so far as the evolution of aerobic organisms is concerned, the development of efficient ROS scavenging mechanisms is likely to be a causal factor in such evolution. The oxidative destruction of cells is caused by the partially reduced or activated derivatives of oxygen such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. The genome-wide microarrays provide the means to access the changes in transcripts arising out of an alternation in specific types of ROS. For example, whe n light stress occurs, there is an expression of heat shock proteins, which can be controlled by systolic H2O2.  

Healthcare Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Insurance - Essay Example They believe that healthcare insurance would assist them to minimize future health expenses to a great extent. As Cameron and McCallum (1995) point out, ‘income’ is the major potential element determining the demand for health insurance. It seems that low and high income groups are less likely to purchase health insurance. Low income groups may not have potential financial background to purchase health insurance whereas high income groups are reluctant to buy insurance due to increased tariffs. Price of the insurance and tax treatment of insurance are the other important factors affecting demand for health insurance (Avitabile, 2009). When the price of the insurance increases, the demand decreases, and once the price of the insurance drops the demand increases. The same trend is observed in case of tax treatment also. If the government or other competitive organizations adopt a strict approach towards tax treatment, the demand for insurance falls. In contrast, if the hea lthcare insurance is offered at concessional tax rates, more people will be ready to purchase it. This is a clear illustration of law of demand. It is also identified that healthcare expenditure may be a crucial element influencing the demand for insurance. Middle income groups may consider their past health expenditure data before making an insurance purchase decision. Finally, age also affects the demand for healthcare insurance. As compared to old aged people, youngsters are less likely to purchase healthcare insurance as they believe that they are less vulnerable to diseases. In the late XIX century, health insurance began to be available in the form of accident insurance in the United States (Obringer & Jeffries, n.d.). The trend continued until the end of the XIX century, and regulators considered health insurance as disability insurance. Before the US federal

Overcrowding or Race Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overcrowding or Race - Research Paper Example Most groups of humans have probably identified themselves always as distinctive from other groups; understanding of such difference is not always possible naturally, globally and immutably (Jenny 140). These features are the feature distinguishing how the race concept utilization occurs today. The term ‘race’ usage is to define any ethnic group traditionally. The major races in the world occur in three divisions into three, the Mongoloid, the Caucasoid and the Negroid. These races are determined by physical traits, but at times it may be difficult to tell whether the traits different is both environmental and hereditary (Miguel 24). Attributes such as color of the skin modification can be substantial by the environmental factors. The determinant can be indefinite or definite. In indefinite color of the skin and hair, hair texture and the eye color can determine the race of a person. In a definite situation, the structure of the head and the nose, stature, blood group, pe rimeter of the chest, length of hands and legs are the factors that are responsible in the racial description (Miguel 24). These race groups are further divide into more groups such as the Indians, Africans, Asians, Arabs, Europeans, Chinese, Mexicans, Brazilians, Caucasians, African Americans and Americans (Derrick 61). Differences in characteristics physically amongst the individuals belonging to different races are confused often with differences in behavior and culture. When the usage of the word race is to combines a set of features that are unrelated. They include physical characteristics, religion, language, behavioral patterns and cultural traditions, which distinguish a given person from the others (Derrick 62). Furthermore, there is an implicit invariable value judgment in this given sense of this term. Some races are said to be naturally and superior inherently to the others races. This is the wrong view. There is no connection necessary between languages, race, nationali ty and culture and racial features are determined largely by biological and genetic factors whereas language and culture are learnt, transmitted and acquired via education and training. Race prejudice is basing on irrational premises and force (Miguel 25). Socially race is defining a vast group of people who are loosely bounding together by contingent that is historical, socially significant elements of their ancestry or morphology. Race must be put into understanding as the Sui Generis phenomenon socially in which the systems contested of the meaning serve as the connections between races, physical features, and characteristics that are personal (Derrick 63). In other words, social meanings connect our souls to our faces. Race is neither an illusion nor essence, but rather an ongoing, self-reinforcing process subject to the forces macro of social, political struggle and contradiction and the micro effects of decisions that are daily (Miguel 26). Reference terms like white or black. A population of people has many characteristics genetically. If a few population members move to a region that is isolated such as an island, the new group of people will have a smaller and a different set of characteristics genetically than that of the population entire (Miguel 26). As a result, later generations living on the island will have different traits than from the original population. Actually, the process genetics are more complicated than an illustration that is this simple. For

Personal Work Group Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Work Group Evaluation - Assignment Example The goal of the group was to select three subjects with which the program should be launched and how many questions should be asked in a single set. The group is also expected to suggest other features that would make this service attractive for the students. The group membership consists of four members: two school textbook editors, an IT specialist, and a finance expert from the same organization. The group started off on a positive note since the people knew one another from the organization but, except for the two editors, had not worked together on a project before. During the forming stage, the members met in a conference room and exchanged greetings. The IT specialist introduced the project and asked the textbook editors to suggest which subjects should be selected. The group then seemed to enter the storming stage as the editors disagreed on several issues. One editor wanted to select high school science subjects whereas the other editor stressed on using English questions for ESL and EFL students. They interrupted each other frequently and ultimately, the other two members had been left out of the discussion and it became a tussle between the two editors. Eventually, the IT specialist noted that decisions could not be made in this way and that it was necessary to establish some norms. He suggested that each member would share their ideas along with the pros and cons so that a balanced discussion can take place. He also suggested that in the end a vote would be taken to decide which subjects to select. The members agreed that they needed more time to research about the size of the market and the pros and cons of their choices. The meeting was adjourned on this note. During the proceedings, the two editors engaged in turf protection and in establishing their authority over each other. They shared ideas but merely to reject competing ones. The IT

Causes & Symptons of Stress Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Causes & Symptons of Stress - Research Paper Example How people react to stress will depend a great deal on their own personal experiences and life conditions. Often, these experiences and conditions are the result of factors beyond their control, such as their age, race or gender. In addition, stress experienced will be different depending upon the factors causing it, whether they are economic/financial, regular life events or periods of great transition. In â€Å"Age and Gender as Determinants of Stress Exposure,† it was discovered that there are some significant differences between the way girls and boys experience stress. Researchers Takeuchi, Williams and Adair investigate â€Å"Economic Stress in the Family and Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems† to determine whether children’s behavior is adversely affected by the economic stress levels of the household and whether this effect is increased with persistent as opposed to one-time dependence on social services. Dual-income households have their own set of stressors to face, however, which are explored in Windle and Dumenci’s â€Å"Parental and Occupational Stress as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms among Dual-Income Couples† (1997). ... in helping these older adults deal with stresses caused by life events, but indicated a consistent steady rate of recovery for these individuals in studies such as â€Å"Transitory Impact of Life-Event Stress on Psychological Symptoms in Older Adults† (Norris & Murrell, 1987). Karen Rudolph and Constance Hammen (1999) concluded in their study on how experience and consequences of life stress varied depending upon age and gender differences that there are significant differences between the types of stress experienced between pre-adolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Of the 88 children who participated in their study, it was determined that while adolescent girls experienced the highest levels of interpersonal stress, adolescent boys experienced the highest levels of non-interpersonal stress. Preadolescent girls experienced the highest levels of independent stress and conflict in the family unit. In addition, it was determined that a great deal of this stress was generated by the children themselves. The study was designed to â€Å"examine bidirectional paths between children and stressful events in their environments. In particular, we examined whether a transactional perspective would shed additional light on observed age and gender differences in life stress† (Rudolph & Hammen, 1999, p. 660). The research also had a secondary goal of identifying â€Å"age and gender differences across multiple domains of stress† (Rudolph & Hammen, 1999, p. 660). Relevant areas of life stress research were discussed in the areas of stress exposure versus stress generation, the role of social context and stress reactions vulnerability to depressive outcomes. In discussing stress exposure versus stress generation, the authors stressed the importance of distinguishing between

The Changing Political Economy Of India Essay Example for Free

The Changing Political Economy Of India Essay From 1947 – 1990 India had a much closed system of economy. Most of the core industries were controlled by the central government and there were no real competitors. A policy of import substitution in the decades after independence encouraged the development of a broad industrial base, but a lack of competition contributed to poor product quality and inefficiencies in production. During this period India had high restrictions on the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). For those players who wanted to invest, there were too many bureaucratic levels in the Indian political system which has resulted in delays in getting the necessary approvals. For those companies that were able to establish the product lines in India, the true value of the commodities could not be realized as the prices of the commodities were controlled. Though there was improvement in the infrastructure, it was never adequate to serve the ever growing large population. Because the restrictions on the FDI and inadequate funds, development in sectors like transportation and power was slow. Multinational companies operating in India must overcome erratic electricity supplies, poor roads and gridlocked seaports and airports while contending with government policies that discourage hiring and hold back domestic demand for goods in many sectors. The predominance of inefficient state-owned enterprises, particularly in the banking sector, remains a brake on further growth. Since 1990, there were radical changes to the Indian economic system. The economic reforms that started driving the early 1990s have started transforming the Indian economy into an open system of economy. There has been a gradual liberalization of the Public Sector Units. Most of the restrictions on FDI were removed. There were many SEZ (Special Economic Zones) set up across the country to encourage investment in private sector. Government has relaxed limits on foreign investment across most industries. It has also given an opportunity for the big home grown companies to move beyond India. Relaxation of Foreign-exchange controls resulted in multinational companies to be able to invest more freely in India. . India is the second fastest growing economy of the world at present. The strong emergence of private sector in the Indian economy has heightened the pace of development of the pharmaceutical industry in India. The pharmaceutical industry has achieved global recognition as a producer of low cost high quality bulk drugs and formulations. The recent regulatory and much awaited patent laws changes have lead the Indian pharmaceutical industry towards exploring newer avenues of drug development, thus, promising higher capital investment in the pharmaceutical industry in the near future. The Indian pharmaceutical research is backed by strong government support and availability of surplus skilled technical workers. Some of the Indian companies have gone global with presence in 60 countries, including USA, Europe and China. India is one of the top ten producers of bulk drugs in the world and 60% of India’s bulk drugs production is exported. The Indian economy’s growth rate has averaged above 7% over the past three years, yet future expectations for growth are even higher (India Economic Summit, 2006). People generally think that India is over populated. In the current economic scenario, the key strength of India is its population. Now India has the largest educated population in the world. India was among the first developing nations to recognize the importance of software, India already enjoys a fairly strong position in providing IT services. The country offers abundant engineering and technical talent: every year, it produces 400,000 graduate engineers, second only to Chinas 490,000. Companies might also be attracted to India by the increasing availability of reliable suppliers, the chance to escape unrelenting price pressures at home, and the size of the domestic market. LG, for example, plans to make handsets in India to take advantage of its rapidly growing demand for mobile telephones. Although India was late and slow in modernization of industry in general in the past, it is now a front-runner in the emerging â€Å"Knowledge based New Economy†. From an agro based economy it has emerged as a service oriented one. The unprecedented high level of foreign exchange reserves, the upward trend in FDI inflows and the general growth of the economy have given more confidence and encouragement to the policy-makers in the acceleration of economic reforms and liberalization. Both at the central and state levels and across political parties, in general, there is consensus on further economic liberalization. Now India has a well coordinated government action, a centralized economy that can pour resources into projects and direct the development of entire industries, something that was much harder in Indias sprawling, bureaucratic democracy from 1940-1990. India has focused more on software and services, which can be delivered via networks without bureaucratic interference, unlike physical goods. The sum of India’s total exports and imports amounts to around 25%-30% of its GDP. The Indian government is investing more in infrastructure, health and education, and in improving agricultural productivity. It would have a cumulative effect on the economy. India has the one of the highest number of middle class families in the world. The economic liberalization and a large domestic market will prove to be a very attractive target for the multinationals. Reference: India Economic Summit 2006 India: Meeting New Expectations New Delhi, 26-28 November

Impact Of Mass Media On The Society Media Essay

Impact Of Mass Media On The Society Media Essay Media relationships with policymakers showed different shapes of dealings with informations since long ago. In the past it was understood that the medias impact on policy happened in a direct approach, mostly when journalists were detached from the leading decisions. Media inquiries introduced by common public feelings usually help in spreading the public view, individuals act together in order to force the government to reform public policies according to the general public requirements. For example in France, during the presidential election many French citizens were against most laws concerning retirement benefits. Massive protestations forced the government to change some laws. Another example is that, linear concept has been lately labelled by the Mobilisation Model instead of being labelled Popular Mobilisation. This concept suggests that peoples play major roles in policymaking practices; other political scientists views were different, some propose that exceptional interest g roups and further influential political leaders control the policymaking progressions but not the citizens. Protess, Curtin, Gordon, Leff, and Miller (19) share the same point of view and state that policymaking reforms frequently take place regardless the public opinion. They involved some ethnographic investigations of reporters and policymakers to demonstrate how prepublication cooperation published by journalism and policymakers may influence policy outlines and decisions, not the common public impression. For example the website of the Pulitzer Prize Winning Journalist Carl Bernstein posted a sample of the cooperation between the CIA and the Media stating that, Joseph Alsop, known as one of the American famous columnist working with a specific association, proceeded to the Philippines in 1953 to report news concerning the election. He wasnt asked to attend the event by his association however the journal concerned to post his column. Reasonably, he was there due to the CIA demand. During the past two decades over four hundred American journalists operated secretly for the sake of CIA Central Intelligence Agency, as some tasks were directly assigned by the center of operations at the CIA. They were attending as some detectives used to go in most Communist countries. Journalists serviced their assistance to the (CIA) during a long period of time as a matter of fact; copyreaders and reporters shared their works with CIA members. In several cases, CIA papers indicate that reporters were involved to achieve duties for the CIA with the permission and agreement of the administrations of Americas leading newscast establishments (Bernstein). Such relationships were realized to have a major consequence on policy establishment. Sometimes they use it for what can be called policy opportunities. By getting or constructing all the information in advance, they are more able to control their media reportage to exploit and defused positive advertising for their policies. In this way, they could be viewed as part of the solution even if they initially created the problem Protess, Curtin, Gordon, Leff, and Miller 166-185. This interdependent relationship, involving dynamic cooperation between presses and policymakers to govern policymaking outlines has been called as coalition journalism. Moltosh, Protess, and Gordon would totally stand against this way of being a journalist. The influence of policymakers in the cinema industry is also relevant according to The Guardian One of the UKs leading newspapers in 2012-08-29. The conservative right-hand transparency group, Judicial Watch, expressed in August 2012 a new bunch of papers presenting how president Obama management showed evidence and data to Hollywood film-makers concerning for example Bin Laden attack. To be politically supportive, Obama administrators intended to allow the creation of a pre-election film regarding that heroic assassination. Although at the same time, many attorneys and also lobbyist asserted to media channels that no revelation was allowed because the attack was classified. This illustrates how policymakers could influence film-makers to produce intended films that control the flow of the public opinion and govern their own policies Guardian. The impact of the CNN effect is also very obvious in the foreign policymaking. A lot of revisions have determined that the media has a crucial role in affecting some countries foreign policymaking procedures done by the concept of CNN effect, Gilboa 27-44. Not related only to the CNN effect on policymaking, but relatively on the influence of global media systems to govern political progressions through a specific way of reporting matters and information. This is mainly significant, as lots of people depend on the media to more about foreign news Brown, and Vincent 65-79. Robinson in year 2000 developed the policy-media interaction model, using the structure of press-state relations. This theory was developed by Hallin in 1986 and Bennett around1990. It was used for some of US humanitarian involvements, in the year 1990. The outcomes indicated that serious reportage by the media with a powerful personal point of view on the subject had a significant impact on the public opinion. History shows that, policymakers were inexact sometimes regarding their deeds. For example, most of these interferences caused the US to defend Bosnian, especially Gorazde (1995) but to make alliances with their enemies in Kosovo in (1999). Consequently, the impact of the CNN effect would look to be different relying on the presence of unified policies concerning foreign policy issues Robinson 613-633. On the social level, currently, the media is far and wide wherever the society fits, this century experienced a huge increase in communication gadgets. Within a blink of an eye, individuals can know what their contacts are doing on Facebook, or what they writing on Twitter. Technology has offered publics tools to have access to the whole world The Telegraph. The facility to continually recognize what is fashionable and stylish with superstars, how they act, what they eat, how they look, and what are their concerns, influences dramatically the whole society. Adolescents and teens always make the buzz around for them-self, uniqueness, and a sense of worth with a cool image. The supremacy of the media is a mechanism that powerfully controlled teens. According to Gauna most of them will end up with negative impacts. Teens spending times on Facebook and further social media channels are five times more expected to smoke and tree times more expected to drink alcohol than others not using social links according to CASA. However a number of investigators interrogated whether accessible practices on the net could essentially and possibly exposed teens to drug use. They assumed that there is no linkage between the two. A survey was held questioning about five hundred parents and two thousands of teens. The result indicated by CASA was that approximately seventy (70%) of the teens use social networks and about fifty (50%) of those seventy (70%) view photos of drunken teens and those who use drugs. Teens who do not utilize social networks can still view such photos but are less expected to be influenced. According to CASA only about 14% will be affected by what they see on internet. Actually, social media was expected to make life easier, but it seems not convince the majority of people. Now everyone feels more relaxed when talking to others behind the screens and less comfortable to communicate personally in front of each other. Older generations maybe different and are more able to make distinctions between the social network environment and the true social world, but current generations wont be able to realize it. When they are grown, they will have a confusing opinion about the true social communication. In worst cases, their minds will create a wrong figure of socialism and they will not be able to differentiate between the true world and the social network life. New generations should definitely be concerned by their futures. Most teenagers have difficulty to understand fundamentals that guide social media principles. On the other hand, Dependence on social media has diminished the interactions between students and instructors as a result of emails communication. Just a message without any emotions or even voice tones would certainly create an interesting link. Dr. Kelley Crowley, an instructor of public relations states that students have become restrained and uncomfortable to talk to her in class. Relatively, they prefer and feel more relaxed to contact her via emails, behind a monitor which is detached and does not have any perspective. To concludes, I think I said the same thing earlier in my thesis statement, and I wrote that before I read any of this research informations. Crowley, as well adds that ducking personal communications damages the capability of younger generation. Lack of eye contact in talks and conferences in addition to poor grammar practices influences negatively their professionalism. Most students have to reduce usage of social networks and be obliged in a way or another to interact with their professors in person, with colleagues and friends through school events, clubs or trips Meagan.

Applying Theories of Leadership, Organizations and Motivation

Applying Theories of Leadership, Organizations and Motivation Leadership is a social process through which a group or community delegate some power to someone or individual who influence the behavior of others without pressurizing or using any force for doing so but such leader/individual motivate the other. But on other hand leadership is the extra quality/ability of the management of an organization through which the management direct the subordinates to work for mutual goals of group with confidence. Leadership styles are different in different organization, industries and sectors because of their works styles, production capacity and working environment. Environment of all the organizations, industries and sectors is different than the environment of other because the nature of business and working capacity of different units of working is in accordance to its demands and necessities of business. Therefore, to direct the subordinates of a particular unit, the management of the same elect or select its leader through some process and delegate some powers to such leader and who utilize the powers delegated to him for the only purpose of the welfare or mutual benefits/goals of the group and as well as of the organization. Selection of leaders normally held in this way in bureaucratic organizations. 2. Leader A leader is someone who exercise influence over subordinate and other people without using threats or power for the only sake of the benefit or welfare of the community or groups so chosen or elected him/her as their leader. It would not be meaningless to say that a leader is someone who influences others through motivation and people likes to obey him or her willfully not in compulsion. A leader is person who represents the urges and requirements of his community or group and his all actions are only for the welfare and benefits of his groups. Generally leaders are of two kinds formal leaders and informal leaders. A leader who is appointed as leader and has been delegated some power under the shelter of a particular rank or position to perform the particular object. A formal leader is not a natural leader because such leaders are selected or elected in bureaucratic organization through some process for a particular time with the delegation of some particular powers to the extent of the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. An individual chosen by a group or community to which he belongs, without any election or selection is an informal leader and such leaders possess God gifted skills of communication and confidence. Such leaders do not possess authority as the formal leaders are delegated because they are not selected or elected and they are not leader of only an organization but they are leader of a group or community to with they belong and the represent the ideology, demands, requirements, necessities etc. of the groups or community. Informal leaders are natural leaders. 3. Requirements of Leadership for Meeting Present and Future Organizational Goals and Objectives Leaders are the heroes and assets of the organizations or communities to which they belongs and they have basic aim to achieve the task being set to him with the assistance of their groups with confidence and it is one of the duty and responsibility of the leader to communicate the task properly to the group and muster up their courage time to time in all the way required, take the suggestions of the group members to evaluate the attitude of the group members, coordinate the group to complete the task so given to them with the help of the group. Following skills are required to a leader to meet the organizational goals and objective to improve the efficiency of his group. 3.1 Communication of Task Knowledge to the Group Leader of an organization is a formal leader who has been given some authority to direct or influence his subordinates to work for the goals of organization. Formal leaders are part of bureaucratic organization and in this way a leader is given some tasks to be completed within a particular time with the connivance and co-ordination of his group. For getting effective work a leader is supposed to be such a person who possess the complete knowledge about the task in all respects and therefore, it is the first skill of a leader and the basic requirement of leadership to deliver/communicate the requisite knowledge about the task to the group at any stage to get the best of the group at all the times. He should communicate all the loops of the tasks to the group so that nothing should be remained doubtful about the task and the work should be started with confidence till the completion of the task. 3.2 Understanding Organizations Needs Leadership is the power of an organization through which it accumulate its strength in shape of confidence of the man power and high moral which lead the organization towards the prosperity and this is all possible only when the leaders or leadership of an organization remained informed with the demands of the organization needs. A task is a test of the organizations ability whether they have ability to work in any circumstances such as in crucial and difficult time by making right and useful decision in such situations. Co-ordination between the leadership and man power is the basic ingredient of organizations success and completion of difficult tasks. 3.3 Understanding Groups Need Labor/group is main power of an organization and they are fighters who fight for the success of organization because their success is a part of the organizations success. It is one of the main quality of leadership that it fully encourages the labor/groups and tries its level best to solve the problems and fulfill the needs of the groups because satisfaction of the group is composite and unrebutable requirement of a tasks completion. Good leadership works directly for the welfare of organization but indirectly it is fighting for the benefits of the group. Management of an organization by using the process of leadership not even control the groups in the organization but also by using leadership become able to improve the weakness of an organization man power into its strengths. 3.4 Arrangement for Training of Groups An organization is platform in which all fields/departments concerning to the nature of organizations work are combined such as purchase department, manufacturing department, marketing, finance and selling all departments are working together. Time to time new inventions are occurred which also needs to mould or adopt new techniques to improve the working conditions and skills for the gropes of different fields. It is the responsibility of the management of an organization that it should remained intact with the leadership of the groups to understand their needs and requirements for better working situations because by doing so the management through leadership can evaluate the weakness of the groups and can improve their skills by arranging training in the fields of stress. Through these training the management can either improve the skills of the labor but on the other hand also becomes able to evaluate the working capacity of the labor and these training vacations also highlight t he strength of relationship between the groups and leadership. 3.5 Evaluation of Weaknesses and Strengths A smooth working can only be perform if the organization know very well the fields of focus and stress and this could only be possible when an organization is able to understands its weaknesses and strengths. For making it possible, leadership plays the most important role such as a formal leader is indeed a leader from the organization who is selected by the organization through some process. Such leadership helps the organization in evaluating the weaknesses and strengths of the organization out from the groups of the organization because all the group members have good relations with the leaders and they also share their problems as well as about their extra skills with them and by polishing such extra skills through training an organization can not even improve its strengths but also covert its weaknesses into its strengths. A successful organization is such an organization which knows very well about its weaknesses and threats and by mustering the courage and moral of the groups the organization can get a rid of those weaknesses and threats and this is just possible because of good leadership. 3.6 Motivation of Groups of Organization It is the authority which is being delegated to the leaders that they have some powers through which then can direct and even can influence the subordinates and the subordinates obey the directions of the leaders happily because they believe in that all the actions of the leader are for the welfare of them and they are their representatives. Management of an organization can motivate the groups of the organization towards the goals and objectives of the organization just through leadership, Therefore, organizations should remain good and cordial relations with the leadership and should properly motivate to them so that they be able to motivate the groups properly and the best outcome could be expected and achieved. 3.7 Building Confidence All workers of an organization should be confident and confidence of workers is the key of success for organizations. All industries, organizations, sub-divisions and projects have different nature of work therefore, demands of all are different but the basic demand for all of them is the confidence of labor and confidence e of labor come in labor when they are satisfied with the organization management. A leader is intermediate person between the organization and its groups but he represent the groups because he belongs to them. Leadership of an organization can motivate the groups and can built confidence and for such confidence could be possible on the basis of given and taken, therefore, the organization has to some extent polite in favor of the groups and in the same way the groups have to remain polite to some extent in favor of the organization and this given and taken built long lasting confidence between the organization and groups which is the need and requirement of the le adership. Leadership plays the most unique role in the progress of the organizations, sub-divisions, industries and projects because just on the basis of financial resources and human resources no effective work could be done. Effective and useful work could be done only by the co-ordination between the concerns and groups of the concerns and this co-ordination and confidence is soughted only by the role of the leadership because business concerns can not fulfill the requirement of every single labor or member of labor of such concern. Therefore, by co-coordinating each other the organization can achieve its goals and the groups can also achieve their goals vested with the goals of the organization, industries, sub-divisions and projects. Nature of all the organizations, industries, sub-division and projects are different in the same way the attitude of the leaderships of them are different but the strategies for all of them are same because the labor wants priority to their needs and a bureau cratic leader is the person who can solve the problem of the concerns. 4 Modern Theories of Leadership All the times the element of leadership was available in the business activities and as the business working pace has changed in the same way the theories regarding the leadership are also sophisticated and comprehensive which deals in all the requisite aspects of the leadership out of which some modern theories of leadership are as follows: 4.1 Situational Theory of Hersey Blanchard Situational theory of Hersey Blanchard is based on quantum of direction towards the task, relationship between the leadership and groups and level of maturity of the task so governed by the leadership to the groups. In this theory the quantum of direction is supposed to task behavior while relationship between the leadership and groups is the relationship behavior. It is the ability of the leadership that how good relations and coordination it remains with the subordinates because management and leadership are not the actual power of industries, organizations, sub-divisions, and project, actual power is groups which are in numbers and keeps the ability to change the fate of vendor through its working skills. This theory is divided into three behaviors such as: Task Behavior: This behavior evolves around the leader and the groups in which the leader remains engage in splitting out the duties and responsibilities to the groups according to the task that what is the task, what is the work of the each group, how to do, when to do, who to do, where to do. In task behavior the leader of the groups remains in teaching the duties to the groups about the task and communicate the group in one way just about the task. Relationship Behavior: Relationship behavior is a two way communication behavior in which the leader remains engage in supporting the groups because he has to listen the problems, facilitating the groups for smooth and effective working and encouraging them for building confidence. In relationship behavior the leader remains a part of the task working and support the group in all the ways he possibly could. Level of Maturity: Level of maturity of every person is different and this is basically the consent and taking responsibility of a person to direct their personal behaviors. Every person possesses different level of maturity and in this way understanding and commanding power to the extent of their level of maturity is different. Accomplishment of a task depends upon the maturity level of leader and groups because it is up to the leader that in what way he directs and on the other hand in what way the groups understand. All the leaders possess different abilities and level of maturities but to determine the appropriate style it could be assessed from directions of different leaders in same situation and they way the facilitate and communicate to the groups about the task. Because when the level of maturity goes up the leader will reduce its task behavior and increase relationship behavior because in such situation the understanding of the groups has improved therefore, the leaders have need to facilitate the groups in solving their problems for the accomplishment of task and through this molding attitude the leader can evaluate the right level of maturity of the groups working. This theory is applicable to all industries, organizations, sub-divisions and projects working on long term strategies because with the change in the pace of inventions the skills of the groups/labor are not improving in the same ratio therefore, by communicating properly and training in the requisite fields the business orga nization can get the expected and favorable results with the help of effective leadership. Level of maturity when increase whether of leader or labor then he require facilities through which he can perform more effectively and with more pace than at initial stage, therefore, every business concern even of any level can get advantage of this theory because it is applicable to all level of organization, industries, sub-divisions and projects. 4.2 Charles Handys Theory of Best Fit Approach Theory of Handy is a flexible theory through which his emphasis is on the flexibility of style which is adequate according to the situation and circumstances of work whether the style is preferred by the leader or groups but the style should be competent to fulfill the requirements of the task. In this theory the style should be chosen according to the environment and task performance and it is immaterial that the style is preferred by whom, the leader or the groups. According to Handys best fit approach, a style which is fit in accordance of leader, groups, task and environment occur only when all the factors accept it and such style fulfill all the needs and requirement of the working and it makes the leader confident that all the other workings are in consonance of task and the task now could be completed as is expected. A best fit according to Handy occur only when all the first three factors are at one point and demands same style to be adopted for working and after adopting suc h style all the factor got moderate and perform more effectively then according to Handy this is the best fit approach. This theory is a moderate theory of leadership and can easily applicable to all kind of business of small level because multination companies or multiprojects are of such nature works which works on long term strategies and planning and in long term planning moderate theory is not applicable because such projects are involving huge financial resources of stakeholders and stakeholders never take such kind of risk just relying on leadership. In small company as the strategies are short terms and can be amended when required because it is not involved huge financial risk. Therefore, this approach of Charles Handy best fit is applicable only businesses other than industries, organizations, sub-divisions and multination companies because the said units strictly implement strategies so prepared because such strategies are prepared after considering all the effective factors which directly and indirectly effect the activities of the concern. 4.3 Style (Behavioral) Theories Approach under this theory fully concentrates what a leaders style, what a leader does and what is his behavior. Simply this theory revolves around the style, behavior and activities of a leader. It is very difficult to assess the behavior of a leader because as the previous theory of Charles Handy express the moderate behavior of a leader in this way the behavior of a leader could changed in accordance of circumstances and could never be remain same and therefore, it is difficult for someone to assess the attitude/behavior of a leader. In the same way a style is also difficult to measure because it changes with the changes in the working condition. Autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic and laisser-faire are the term which are used for to describe the general approached used for a leader. Style behavior approach is not a best and comprehensive theory according to me because it is revolving around the activities, behavior and style of a leader that what he does, his behavior and style of working. It is a limited approach and can only be applicable to small enterprises because in large unit or enterprises there is no concept of assumption and molding of style according to the wishes of the leader because large enterprises the strategies are being prepared after reviewing the strategies of last years along with the results. Strategy makers also account for all the factors might be caused in future by using the services of skilled and professionals just to avoid any uncertainty and ambiguity in the strategy. Therefore, this theory is not applicable to industries, organizations, sub-divisions and multination enterprises in no way because it is lacking a number of necessary factors to be account for and is not a comprehensive theory. 5. Leadership Models A leader is role model for his followers and the followers happily adopt the styles of their leader because in their view their leader is the best one in all. Following are leadership models:- 5.1 The Fiedler Contingency Model According to the Fred Fiedler Contingency Model, the best performance of a group is dependent on the proper match between the leaders style of directing his group and the level to which the circumstances allowed the leader to direct and influence to his group. Fred Fiedler is the developer of first contingency model of leadership. This model of leadership proposes that a groups best performances can only be achieved if the match between the style of the leader and follower is compatible because the degree of situation never remains the same but it is the behavioral interaction between the leader and the groups which make it possible to be achieved, therefore, to attain the best performance of a group it is primarily be evaluated that the compatibility between the style and interaction of the leader and group is in consonance or not. In this model it is proposed to be checked that whether a certain leadership style is effective in different situations because situation vary from time to time. This model highlight the leader member relations with the groups, task structure and position power of the leader because these all factors are interrelated to each other because sometimes the style of the leader does not properly match due to the stru cture of the task and sometimes because of the relations between the leader and group the style vary and does not match in such way necessary for the effective performance. 5.2 Leader Participation Model This model stress upon the leadership behavior and participation of leadership in decision making in different situations. According to this model the behavior of the leadership must adjust to reflect the task degree. This model was developed by the Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton. In simple words, this model emphasis on the behavior of the leadership should be flexible which could be adjust to reflect the task structure. This model was got changed in early 1970s because research remained continue to find out the effective leadership style. A leadership should keep in mind the decision making contingencies while he is determining that what leadership style would be most effective in current situation. Team competence, leaders expertise, group expertise, group support, decision significance, importance of commitment and likelihood of commitment are the contingencies of decision making. 5.3 Path-Goal Model Path-Goal Model is developed by Robert House. This model clearly highlight the duty of the leader that it is the duty of the leader to assist his group in attaining the goals and give them proper direction as well as make it possible to provide them the support needed in attaining their goals and to ensure them that their goals are absolutely compatible with the organizational goals and objectives. This is a comprehensive model developed by the Robert House because it deals with the responsibilities and duties of a leader. The basic duty of a leader is to provide assistance to his group and make them able to attain their goals which are indeed compatible to the goals of organization. Through this model Robert House divided the behavior of the leaders in four categories such as: Directive Leaders: Such leaders who directs the followers that what is to be done, when to be done, and how they can accomplish the task so given. Supportive Leader: Supportive leader facilitate their groups for effective performance and remained friendly with them so to build their confidence which directly improve the performance of the followers. Participative Leader: A leader who participate in decision making and before making any decision consult with his followers and consider their suggestion in all respect if possible to consider. Achievement-Oriented Leader: A leader who believe in best performance all the time from his followers because such leader set the challenges and communicate the group member promptly and remained supportive and participative all the time. According to Fred Fiedler the leader should not change his style and should remained strict but on the other hand Robert House propose that the behavior of a leader should be flexible and should be molded in accordance with the situation and this is the symbol of effective leadership because a effective leader always handle the situations not personal ego. Thats why the Path- Goal Model is a comprehensive model which can be applicable to all sorts of organizations, enterprises, sub-divisions and projects because leadership remained committed with the organizational goals which are compatible to the goals of the followers. Advise on the Succession of Sir Alex Ferguson After observing the history of the Manchester United and the previous leader Matt Busby who guided the club since 1949 and retired in 1969 and proved him to be an effective and energetic leader of the club but after his retirement the club remained unfortunate because no manager of the club after him brought back the years of excellence and glory except Sir Alex Ferguson. But when we study the historical background of Sir Alex Ferguson then it is concluded that how difficult Sir Alex Ferguson achieved this position and become an aggressive and dominant leader after facing great difficulties in earlier of his life. All the requirements and skills required to a leader for meeting the challenges in present and future have been detailed hereinabove relying on the theories and model of leadership. Therefore, on the basis of above detailed studies it is suggested to Sir Alex Ferguson that succession should possess the following abilities and skills for effective leadership:- Should have experience of working in same situation as is in Manchester United; Should be diligent and hard working; Should be able to communicate the subordinates properly; Should possess the skill to evaluate the weakness and strengths of the club if any; Should possess the ability to motivate the sub-ordinates properly and get their best performance; Should possess the ability to build confidence of the followers; Should possess the ability to understand clubs needs and goals; Should possess the skill and ability to work under pressure; Should have good attitude towards the groups or followers; Should be able to understand the demands and needs of the groups and followers; Should be able to make right decision in different situations; Should be eligible to overcome the crucial and uncertain situations; Should possess good moral values; Should be supportive and participative towards followers or groups; Finally it is suggested that as Sir Alex Ferguson is available in the club till the next season and also know very well the abilities and skills of the sub-ordinates therefore, being a revolutionary and successful leader of the club, he is the person who can choose the succession of the Manchester United because he possess a very long and health experience of working effective leadership and being an effective leader he is the one who knows very well that which one would be the succession of him and what things are to be understand to the succession and now Sir Alex Ferguson has almost one season and it is sufficient time for him to get choose his succession and do the training of him if required and make him able in his presence to face the gravity of work and this would be most fruitful for Sir Alex and his succession because if under the supervision of Sir Alex his succession perform excellent then Sir Alex could believe him that he would perform good in his absence. Therefore, in my suggestion Sir Alex Ferguson should choose his succession in his presence because where the club is now is due to him therefore, he should have the right to choose his succession with his own will but keeping in view goals and destinations of the Manchester United.

The Utopian Solution in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entrance of The Tempest into theatres between 1610 and 1611, signifies a possible correlation between Shakespeare's play and the colonization of the ideal New World. Before analyzing the courtly order and utopian theme in The Tempest, it is important to understand the politics and culture of the court in the early 17th century. The society that Shakespeare emerges from plays an important role in the themes portrayed in The Tempest, because it leads to the utopian solution to the political and class conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The definitions of politics and culture have changed drastically since the 17th century in Great Britain. The freedom of Americans to play an active role in politics and government greatly contrasts the role of the English during the time of The Tempest. Shakespeare lived in a time of government sovereignty, where the role of the people in politics was dependent upon their social (class) status. In "Political Culture," David Harris Sacks asserts that, "the 'sovereignty of state,' consisting solely in governmental powers, is understood to be a feature of a commonwealth, not the commonwealth as a whole" (Sacks 118-19). The lack of involvement of the majority of the commonwealth supports a problematic issue that the role of the people in government was dependent upon their social class, which presented an obvious inequality amongst the political system. The problems facing the commonwealth and the government lead to conformity and complacency amongst the people, but Shakesp eare had writing to overcome the ceiling on social class. Shakespeare's plays, specifically The Tempest, test the boundaries of politics and class order and tend to portray Shakespeare crossing from a conformist to a humanist. Shakespeare us... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚   David Scott Kastan. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999. 100-116. Gervinus, G.G. "A review of The Tempest." Shakespeare Commentaries. (1877):787-800. Rpt.     Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott. 304-307. More, Sir Thomas. "Utopia." The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol 1. Ed. David     Ã‚  Ã‚   Damrosch. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999. 637-706. Platt, Peter. "Shakespeare and Rhetorical Culture." A Companion to Shakespeare. Ed. David     Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott Kastan. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999.   277-296. Sacks, David Harris. "Political Culture." A Companion to Shakespeare. Ed. David Scott     Ã‚  Ã‚   Kastan. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999. 100-116. Snider, Denton J. "A review of The Tempest." The Shakespearian Drama a Commentary:   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Comedies. (1890). Rpt. Scott. 320-324.   

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essay Writer

1984 is a story about dictators who are in complete control of a large part of the world after the Allies lost in World War II. The government in this novel gives no freedoms to its citizens. They live in fear because they are afraid of having bad thoughts about the government of Oceania, a crime punishable by death. Winston the main character, is an ordinary man of 39 who is disgusted with the world he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a place where history and the truth is rewritten to fit the party's beliefs. The facts--significant and insignificant are rewritten, they thoroughly destroy the records of the past, and they print up new, up to-date editions of old newspapers and books Their goal is to make people forget everything- facts, words, dead people, the names of places. People guilty of crimes (free thought) are erased from having ever existed. The Ministry of Truth allowed the controling powers to have control over its citizens using memory erasing techniques (c cognitive psychology). Winston is aware of the untruths, because he makes them true. This makes him very upset with the government of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. Big Brother is the figurehead of a government that has total control. The Big Brother regime uses propaganda and puts fear in its citizens to keep the general population in line. Big Brother has a army of informers called thought police, who watch every citizen at all times for the least signs of thought that the goverment would not agree with(a thought crime). His dissatisfaction increases to a point where he rebels against the government in small ways. Winston's first act of rebellion is buying and writing in a diary. This act is known as a thought crime and is punishable by death. Winston starts writing in a diary so he can difereniate between what has actually occured and what he is being programmed to believe. The other reason for the diary is so that people in the future will be able to read what really went on during Winston's time. Winston commits many thought crimes and becomes paranoid about being caught. Meanwhile he notices a young woman paying him a great deal of attention, she is actively involved in many community groups and he feared that she had something to do with the thought police.

Heart disease Essay

Before you start the rehabilitation programme you will have an initial assessment to find out how much exercise you can safely do. A physiotherapist or an exercise physiologist can then carefully work out a programme of exercises for you, tailoring the programme to your individual needs. At the beginning of each session you will do warm-up exercises which involve stretching your muscles. All the exercises will be carefully explained to you. The exercises will be ‘aerobic’ (exercises that help to improve your heart and circulation). You will be encouraged to increase your exercise gradually over the weeks of the rehabilitation programme. It is very important that you work within your limits and follow the advice given to you. At the end of each exercise session you will do ‘cool-down’ exercises to stretch out your muscles and prevent them from aching the next day. It is normal to feel anxious about exercise after a heart attack. However, attending rehabilitation classes can help give you the confidence to become active again. Relaxation You will be able to practice different relaxation techniques and find one that suits you. You will also find out how important relaxation is for people who have had a heart problem. If possible, encourage your partner or a family member or friend to go along with you. This will help lessen their fears as well and give them the chance to ask any questions. This may involve structured but informal sessions within your group. You may cover one or more topics in each session and will have the opportunity to ask any questions. Going back to work. People who have had an uncomplicated heart attack will usually be able to return to work. You can talk to a member of the cardiac rehabilitation team about the type of work you do. They will help to assess how easily you might take up your job again and when you should return to work. Attending cardiac rehabilitation classes gives you the opportunity to ask questions and talk about any worries you may still have.

How do culture and society relate to each other Essay

What is culture and what is society? Even though these two definitions are closely related to each other, culture and society is not the same thing. While cultures are complexes of learned behavior patterns and perceptions, societies are groups of people who directly or indirectly interact with each other. People in societies also generally perceive that their society is distinct from others in terms of shared traditions and expectations. In the same time these two definitions are inevitable connected because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society. Cultures are not the products of lone individuals. They are the continuously evolving products of people interacting with each other. Cultural patterns such as language and politics make no sense except in terms of the interaction of people. If you were the only human on earth, there would be no need for language or government. To summarize, a culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society. 2. 5 Critically analyse the application of the terms ‘culture’ and ‘society’ to every day life. If I should analyse the terms ‘culture’ and ‘society’ to every day life, first of all I should state the fact I am foreigner living in different country and because of that inevitable I have a different perception about the things around me in comparison with the locals. Customs and social patterns which seems perfectly normal for the others at times can feel actually pretty strange and not at place for me. British society differs widely from the society I was living in back home; it consists of different rules and patterns of public behavior. That’s why it’s only natural for me to experience numerous cultural differences daily. For example in British society manners are very important and people place considerable value on punctuality. In England, people make great effort to arrive on time. If you agree to meet friends at exact time you can be sure they will be on time. It is often considered impolite to arrive even a few minutes late. If you are unable to keep an appointment, it is expected that you call the person you are meeting. In my country though nobody will pay attention if you are late a little for appointment. Especially when you are meeting with friends or even going to a party often a late arrival can considered to be very fashionable. Because of cultural differences sometimes it can occurred misunderstandings, in order to avoid that I need to be conscious of my actions in my every day life. 2. 6 Distinguish between personal perception and objective patterns. Personal perception is referred to the way how you see the world. It is related to the subjective, culture and cultural interpretation. Objective patterns are the patterns of behaviour, norms and rules which are imposed by the society and it is referred to the way how society see the world. Sometimes the personal perception can be in conflict with the objective patterns. One example of it is the Mormons. Mormons believe that men can marry as many women as they wish. From their point of view polygamy or plural marriage is acceptable and it is considerable for normal behavior. Ofcourse this is not how larger society sees it. Society rejects the idea strongly and considers polygamous relationships for illegal. Even though now polygamy is forbidden in all states of America, over a century ago it wasn’t prohibited in Utah until 1857 when the United States federal government forced Mormons to abandon the practice. According Wikipedia, the Mormons eventually complied and formally abolished the practice in 1890, in a document labeled ‘The Manifesto’. Bibliography: Damen, L. (1987). Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension on the Language Classroom. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Linton, R. (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. New York. http://anthro. palomar. edu/culture/culture_1. htm http://www. woodlands-junior. kent. sch. uk/customs/questions/social. htm http://www. carla. umn. edu/culture/definitions. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy

How Do I Spend My Free Time Essay

Nowadays, some people consider that children have too much leisure time and in spite of wasting it, they should use it to do more school work. In my opinion, I think children should use their free time wisely to develop their skills not only in school work but also in their life. Firstly, we all know that people cannot keep on working all the time. We need to stop and relax ourselves. And after a long day in school, children also need to relax. In their free time, they can play games, have a small party or even talk to each other to refresh their mind and keep themselves away from the stressful atmosphere of the school. The games or sports that I play make me more reflexive, faster, and stronger both physically and mentally. For example in tennis, the player has to run, focus on the ball and swing the bat accurately at the same time. Children can improve their body, their reflections and their brain at the same time. Another thing that I do in my free time is pottering around in the garden with my mother. She plants a fair bit of flowers and I enjoy helping her take care of them. It is a pleasure to feel the soil, prune the plants, remove the weeds and do the little things that help the plants grow better. It always fills me with wonder to watch seedlings germinate, leaves sprout and eventually grow to produce beautiful flowers. Social skills play an important part in me daily life. People do not need to be good at their knowledge but they also need know how deal with people. With a large amount of free time, I have joined some social activities which can give me a lot of ideas about the right manners and attitudes for my future life. At night, I usually do a bit of reading before going to bed. Books are like little treasure chests. A lot of information and knowledge are to be found in them and all it takes is a bit of time spent reading them. This is certainly a very beneficial way to spend my free time. After a spot of reading, it is time for bed and on to another day.

The Influence of the Renaissance on English Literature

Introduction: It is difficult to date or define the Renaissance. Etymologically the term, which was first used in England only as late as the nineteenth century, means' â€Å"re-birth†. Broadly speaking, the Renaissance implies that re-awakening of learning which came to Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Renaissance was not only an English but a European phenomenon; and basically considered, it signalised a thorough substitution of the medieval habits of thought by new attitudes. The dawn of the Renaissance came first to Italy and a little later to France. To England it came much later, roughly about the beginning of the sixteenth century. As we have said at the outset, it is difficult to date the Renaissance; however, it may be mentioned that in Italy the impact of Greek learning was first felt when after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople the Greek scholars fled and took refuge in Italy carrying with them a vast treasure of ancient Greek literature in manuscript. The study of this literature fired the soul and imagination of the Italy of that time and created a new kind of intellectual and aesthetic culture quite different from that of the Middle Ages. The light of the Renaissance came very slowly to the isolated island of England, so that when it did come in all its brilliance in the sixteenth century, the Renaissance in Italy had already become a spent force. It is difficult to define the Renaissance, but its broad implications in England do not defy discussion. Michelet exaggeratedly calls the Renaissance â€Å"discovery by mankind of himself and of the world. This is, indeed, too sweeping. More correctly we can say that the following are the implications of the Renaissance in England : (a) First, the Renaissance meant the death of mediaeval scholasticism which had for long been keeping human thought in bondage. The schoolmen got themselves entangled in useless controversies and tried to apply the principles of Aristotelean . philosophy t o the doctrines of Christianity, thus giving birth to a vast literature characterised by polemics, casuistry, and sophistry which did not advance man in any way. b) Secondly, it signalised a revolt against spiritual authority-the authority of the Pope. The Reformation, though not part of the revival of learning, was yet a companion movement in England. This defiance of spiritual authority went hand in hand with that of intellectual authority. Renaissance intellectuals distinguished themselves by their flagrant anti-authoritarianism. (c) Thirdly, the Renaissance implied a greater perception of beauty and polish in the Greek and Latin scholars. This beauty and this polish were sought by Renaissance men of letters to be incorporated in their native literature. Further, it meant the birth of a kind of imitative tendency implied in the term â€Å"classicism. † (d) Lastly, the Renaissance marked a change from the theocentric to the homocentric conception of the universe. Human life, pursuits, and even body came to be glorified. â€Å"Human life†, as G. H. Mair observes, â€Å"which the mediaeval Church had taught them [the people] to regard but as a threshold and stepping-stone to eternity, acquired suddenly a new momentousness and value. . The â€Å"otherworldliness† gave place to â€Å"this-worldliness†. Human values came to be recognised as permanent values, and they were sought to be enriched and illumined by the heritage of antiquity. This bred a new kind of paganism and marked the rise of humanism as also, by implication, materialism. Let us now consider the impact of the Renaissance on the va rious departments of English literature. Non-creative Literature: Naturally enough, the first impact of the Renaissance in England was registered by the universities, being the repositories of all learning. Some English scholars, becoming aware of the revival of learning in Italy, went to that country to benefit by it and to examine personally the manuscripts brought there by the fleeing Greek scholars of Constantinople. Prominent among these scholars were William Grocyn (14467-1519), Thomas Linacre (1460-1524), and John Colet (14677-1519). After returning from Italy they organised the teaching of Greek in Oxford. They were such learned and reputed scholars of Greek that Erasmus came all the way from Holland to learn Greek from them. Apart from scholars, the impact of the Renaissance is also; in a measure, to be seen on the work of the educationists of the age. Sir Thomas Elyot (14907-1546) wrote the Governour (1531) which is a treatise on moral philosophy modelled on Italian works and full of the spirit of Roman antiquity. Other educationists were Sir John Cheke (1514-57), Sir Thomas Wilson (1525-81), and Sir Roger Ascham (1515-68). Out of all the educationists the last named is the most important, on account of his Scholemaster published two years after his death. Therein he puts forward his views on the teaching of the classics. His own style is too obviously based upon the ancient Roman writers. â€Å"By turns†, remarks Legouis, â€Å"he imitates Cicero's periods and Seneca's nervous conciseness†. In addition to these well-known educationists must be mentioned the sizable number of now obscure ones—†those many unacknowledged, unknown guides who, in school and University, were teaching men to admire and imitate the masterpieces of antiquity† (Legouis). Prose: The most important prose writers who exhibit well the influence of the Renaissance on English prose are Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, Lyly, and Sidney. The first named was a Dutchman who, as we have already said, came to Oxford to learn Greek. His chief work was The Praise of Folly which is the English translation of his most important work-written in England. It is, according to Tucker Brook, â€Å"the best expression in literature of the attack that the Oxford reformers were making upon the medieval system. † Erasmus wrote this work in 1510 at the house of his friend Sir Thomas More who was executed at the bidding of Henry VIII for his refusal to give up his allegiance to the ‘ Pope. More's famous prose romance Utopia was, in the words of Legouis, â€Å"true prologue to the Renaissance. † It was the first book written by an Englishman which achieved European fame; but it was written in Latin (1516) and only later (1555) was translated into English. Curiously enough, the next work by an English man again to acquire European fame-Bacon's Novum Organwn-was also written originally in Latin. The word â€Å"Utopiaâ €  is from Greek â€Å"ou topos† meaning â€Å"no place†. More's Utopia is an imaginary island which is the habitat of an ideal republic. By the picture of the ideal state is implied a kind of social criticism of contemporary England. More's indebtedness to Plato's Republic is quite obvious. However, More seems also to be indebted to the then recent discoveries of the explorers and navigators-like Columbus and Vasco da Gama who were mostly of Spanish and Portuguese nationalities. In Utopia, More discredits mediaevalism in all its implications and exalts the ancient Greek culture. Legouis observes about this work : â€Å"The Utopians are in revolt against the spirit of chivalry : they hate warfare and despise soldiers. Communism is the law of the land; all are workers for only a limited number of hours. Life should be pleasant for all; asceticism is condemned. More relies on the goodness of human nature, and intones a hymn to the glory of the senses which reveal nature's wonders. In Utopia all religions are authorized, and tolerance is the law. Scholasticism is scoffed at, and Greek philosophy preferred to that of Rome. From one end to the other of the book More reverses medieval beliefs. † More's Utopia created a new genre in which can be classed such works as Bacon's The New Atlantis (1626), Samuel Butler's Erewhon (1872), W. H. Mallock's The New Republic (1877), Richard Jefferies' After London (1885), W. H. Hudson's The Crystal Age (1887), William Morris† News from Nowhere, and H. G. Well's A Modern Utopia (1905). Passing on to the prose writers of the Elizabethan age-the age of the flowering of the Renaissance-we find them markedly influenced both in their style and thought-content by the revival of the antique classical learning. Sidney in Arcadia, Lyly in Euphues, and Hooker in The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity write an English which is away from the language of common speech, and is either too heavily laden—as in the case of Sidney and Lyly-with bits of classical finery, or modelled on Latin syntax, as in the case of Hooker. Cicero ? eemed to these writers a verv obvious and respectable model. Bacon, however, in his sententiousness and cogency comes near Tacitus and turns away from the prolixity, diffuseness, and ornamentation associated with Ciceronian prose. Further, in his own career and his Essays, Bacon stands as a representative of the materialistic, Machiavellian facet of the Renaissance, particularly of Renaissance Italy. He combines in himself the dispassionate pursuit of truth and the keen desire for material advance. Poetry: Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) and the Earl of Surrey (15177-47) were pioneers of the new poetry in England. After Chaucer the spirit of English poetry had slumbered for upward of a century. The change in pronunciation in the fifteenth century had created a lot of confusion in prosody which in the practice of such important poets as Lydgate and Skelton had been reduced to a mockery. â€Å"The revival†, as Legoius says, â€Å"was an uphill task; verse had to be drawn from the languor to which it had sunk in Stephen Hawes, and from the disorder in which a Skelton had plunged it; all had to e done anew†. It was Wyatt and Surrey who came forward to do it. As Mair puts it, it is with â€Å"these two courtiers that the modern English poetry begins. † Though they wrote much earlier, it was only in 1557, a year before Elizabeth's coronation, that their work was published in Tottel's Miscellany which is, according to G. H. Mair, â€Å"one of the landmarks of English literatu re. † Of the two, Wyatt had travelled extensively in Italy and France and had come under the spell of Italian Renaissance. It must be remembered that the work of Wyatt and Surrey does not reflect the impact of the Rome of antiquity alone,. but also that of modern Italy. So far as versification is concerned, Wyatt and Surrey imported into England various new Italian metrical patterns. Moreover, they gave English poetry a new sense of grace, dignity, delicacy, and harmony which was found by them lacking iil the works of Chaucer and the Chaucerians alike. Further, they Were highly influenced by the love poetry of Petrarch and they did their best to imitate it. Petrarch's love poetry is of the courtly kind, in which the pining lover is shown as a â€Å"servant† of his mistress with his heart tempest-tossed by her neglect and his mood varying according to her absence or presence. There is much of idealism, if not downright artificiality, in this kind of love poetry. It goes to the credit of Wyatt to have introduced the sonnet into English literature, and of Surrey to have first written blank verse. Both the sonnet and blank verse were later to be practised by a vast number of the best English poets. According to David Daiches. Wyatt's sonnets represent one of the most interesting movements toward metrical discipline to be found in English literary history. † Though in his sonnets he did not employ regular iambic pentameters yet he created a sense of discipline among the poets of his times who had forgotten the lesson and example of Chaucer and, like Skelton, were writing â€Å"ragged† and â€Å"jagged† lines which jarred so unpleasantly upon the ear. As Tillyard puts it, Wyatt â€Å"let the Renaissance into English verse† by importing Italian and French patterns of sentiment as well as versification. He wrote in all thirty-two sonnets out of which seventeen are adaptations of Petrarch. Most of them (twenty-eight) have the rhyme-scheme of Petarch's sonnets; that is, each has the octave a bbaabba and twenty-six out of these twenty-eight have the c d d c e e sestet. Only in the last three he comes near what is called the Shakespearean formula, that is, three quatrains and a couplet. In the thirtieth sonnet he exactly produced it; this sonnet rhymes a b a b, a b a b, a b a b, c c. Surrey wrote about fifteen or sixteen sonnets out of which ten use the Shakespearean formula which was. to enjoy the greatest popularity among the sonneteers of the sixteenth century. Surrey's work is characterised by . exquisite grace and tenderness which we find missing from that of Wyatt. Moreover, he is a better craftsman and gives greater harmony to his poetry. Surrey employed blank verse in his translation of the fourth book of The Aeneid, the work which was first translated into English verse by Gavin Douglas a generation earlier, but in heroic couplets. Drama: The revival of ancient classical learning scored its first clear impact on English drama in the middle of the sixteenth century. Previous to this impact there had been a pretty vigorous native tradition of drama, particularly comedy. This tradition had its origin in the liturgical drama and had progressed through the miracle and the mystery, and later the morality, to the interlude. John Heywood had written quite a few vigorous interludes, but they were altogether different in tone, spirit, and purpose from the Greek and Roman drama of antiquity. The first English regular tragedy Gorboduc (written by Sackville and Norton, and first acted in 1562) and comedy Ralph Roister Doister (written about 1550 by Nicholas Udall) were very much imitations of classical tragedy and comedy. It is interesting to note that English dramatists came not under the spell of the ancient Greek dramatists â€Å"(Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the tragedy writers, and Aristophanes, the comedy writer) but the Roman dramatists (Seneca, the tragedy writer, and Plautus and. Terence! the comedv writers). It was indeed unfortunate, as Greek drama is vastly superior to Roman drama. Gpfboduc is a s'avish imitation of Senecan tragedy and has all its features without much of its life. Like Senecan tragedy it has revenge as the tragic —otive, has most of its important incidents (mostly murders) narrated on the -stage by messengers, has much of rhetoric and verbose declamation, has a ghost among its dramatis personae, and so forth. ‘. â€Å". is indeed a good instance of the â€Å"blood and thunder† kind' of tragedy. Ralph Roister Doister is modelled upon Plautus and Terence. It is based on the stupid endeavours of the hero for winning the love of a married woman. There is the cunning, merry slave-Matthew Merrygreek-a descendant of the Plautine slave who serves as the motive power which keeps the play going. Later on, the â€Å"University Wits† struck a note of independence in their dramatic work. They refused to copy Roman drama as slavishly as the writers of Gorboduc and Roister Doister. Even so, their plays are not free from the impact of the Renaissance; rather they show it as amply, though not in the same way. In their imagination they were all fired by the new literature which showed them new dimensions of human capability. They were humanists through and through. All of them—Lyly, Greene, Peele, Nashe, Lodge, Marlowe, and Kyd-show in their dramatic work not, of course, a slavish tendency to ape the ancients but a chemical action of Renaissance learning on the native genius fired by the enthusiasm of discovery and aspiration so typical of the Elizabethan age. In this respect Marlowe stands in the fore-front of the University Wits. Rightly has he been called â€Å"the true child of the Renaissance†.