Cultural and Society Diversity in Health Care

Questions: This assessment task requires the completion of two(2) case studies. Students need to choose a different cultural group for each study and in the construction of each case , they are to consider and address the following: 1. Briefly discuss the social determinants of health as they apply to the identified cultural groups. 2. Describe health related risk factors for people from the identified cultural group. 3.Critically discuss strategies in place for the provision of health care to address the identified risk factors. 4. Based on available evidence and your understanding of the critical health issues among the identified cultural group, suggiest possible strategies and recommendations to address deficits. 5. Present a coherent summary that identifies similarities and differences between the two case studies. Answers: Introduction Over the past ten years, there is an increase in the number of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong (Cho, 2014). In Hong Kong, the significant amount of migrant workers constitutes of foreign domestic helper (Cortes Pan, 2013). This immigrant community provides an opportunity for understanding "Social determinants of health." Across the nations, there is the increase in trend of hiring paid domestic helpers from other countries by the household to delegate their household activities. The reason being, their nationals are not inclined to do domestic work. Therefore, less developed countries (Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.) are taken advantage of their domestic workers (Law Lee, 2016). Due to a high cost of labor and its shortage, workers were recruited from foreign countries. According to national survey reports of Hong Kong, in 2013, there was total of 320,000 foreign domestic and other workers. Out of which, 50 percent of these employees were from the Philippines, 47% from Indone sia and the rest from other places (Constable, 2016). Therefore, Hong Kong is trying to promote culturally competent care. In this assignment, the author will discuss two case studies one of domestic helper and other working in Hong Kong. One of them is Indonesian domestic helper, and the other is South Asian (Pakistani) living in Hong Kong. The author will detail the social determinants of Health as they apply to the identified cultural groups. From each of these groups, health-related factors for the people would be described as the people. Further, the author will critically discuss the strategies in place for the provision of health care to address the identified risk factors. Based on the evidence of the critical health issues among the identified cultural group, the author will suggest possible strategies and recommendations to address deficits. Lastly, the similarities and differences between the two case studies will be summarized. The author will perform a literature search on recent articles to support the facts and arguments. Case study of Indonesian domestic helper This case study belongs to Mrs. X a 33-year-old Indonesian woman moved to Hong Kong, three years ago. As per the information, her involuntary nature of work includes agency fees of $3000 HKD for seven months. Her passport and contract are confiscated by Hong Kong agent. She was misinformed of her terms of employment, and other details were deceptive. She has little knowledge of English but speaks Cantonese. She was one of the several cases of the victim of forced labour and debt. She worked for 18 hours a day, and lived in a servant room and slept on the floor. During her working days, she was verbally and psychologically abused, treated like a slave, and was tortured by her employer for several months. She was beaten daily on head by a mope handle, punched on face including other indecent assaults. She had no rest days. She received no salary for first six months and later she was the underpayment of $200 initially and $2100 and survived on insufficient and mainly sweetened food. Sh e was locked in the house by the householder most of the time. She escaped after two years and nine months. She was later admitted in hospital and her medical history shows respiratory difficulties and musculoskeletal strain. During her treatment she had difficulty in communicating with nurse due to language barrier. Social Determinants of Health The contemporary approach to taking action on inequalities of health requires identification of social determinants. The environmental conditions in which people live and resources such as education, transportation, food supply and social relationships that improve the quality of life together comprises social determinant (Law Lee, 2016). The identified social determinant associated with health issues of Mrs. X. includes socioeconomic status, income inequality, and ethnicity. These ethnic groups are treated miserably as the employers are aware that these women have low education attainment, poor economic background, and poverty. According to studies of (Cortes Pan, 2013), a majority of workers from Indonesia working in Hong Kong suffer from oral health issues and remain untreated. As a result of low wage and long working hours, these employees neglect their health checkups and personal hygiene such as brushing teeth and use of dental floss. Living in an untidy environment and lack of healthy food, privacy and freedom to participate in self-care activities, made her physically weak and prone to respiratory difficulties. Confined in the house, they lack social connectedness thus are lonely and depressed giving rise to other psychological disorders. Therefore, only "biology" is not always responsible for the various health outcomes. Without any friends and family support, they are unable to relieve distress, obtain health information. Eventually, it decreases their ability to control their circumstances and lives. The figure below represents the public health framework. It depicts how the macro, micro and the intermediate determinates of health are related. Health-related risk factors The health-related risk factors are several mental disorders, respiratory difficulties, hypertension, depression and occasional insomnia, musculoskeletal strain, dental caries and periodontal diseases. Strategies for health care to address the identified risk factors There should be a regular distribution of information related to mental disorders and those with available effective therapeutic treatment. At a local level, there should be information related to "social, economic, and environmental stressors (Cortes Pan, 2013). Additionally, community engagement is necessary for the intervention to psychological distress by involving residents in problem solving. Knowledge should be provided on how local social, environmental and economic factors contribute or ameliorate psychological distress. There should be the proper assessment of all health care facilities and initiatives on their impact on "physical and mental health equity. Indonesia must put effort to enhance positive family involvement and support to domestic workers abroad. Hong Kong must address the "loneliness and depression" by providing support to improve family contact by cheaper means of communication (Mathews Wai-chi, 2016). Showing culturally competent care by nurses may help patients motivated. Mrs. X must open her heart and mind. It will help her understand others cultures and global socio-political and health issues which in turn increase her commitment to improve her personal and professional growth. She must learn to develop cultural competence. Improvement of counselling services in other languages instead of only Chinese should be promoted to make intervention effective for the ethnic minorities. Public hospitals must publicize about their intervention and interpretation and other TransLingual services by internet, newsletters or posters printed in ethnic minority languages about details of application and charges. These services must at least cover 18 minority languages (Malhotra et al., 2016). Recommendations It is recommended that Mrs. X and other workers like her must get medical facilities free of cost. The employers are entitled to take care of medical emergencies of their employees but in vain. Therefore, the employment agencies must ensure that the companies abide by the government rules strictly. The government of countries sending and receiving domestic helpers must implement policies to provide minimum education for all the girls with English as a compulsory subject. This will enable them to fetch better jobs and at least read the documents properly before signing any official agreements or bonds (Tong, 2014). According to (Iskandar, 2015) the domestic workers of Indonesia are at serious risk of "human and labor right violations" in Hong Kong. Researchers are required to understand better the "epidemiology" of such conditions faced by female foreign domestic workers. A concerted effort is needed from the government of labour-sending and receiving countries. These social determinants imply for effective policy making in Hong Kong as well as in countries exporting domestic helpers. During the policy making, the interests of domestic workers, employers, stakeholders, employment agencies, non-government organizations must be considered. According to (Constable, 2013) Hong Kong followed "Two Week Rule," which states that no employee is allowed to stay for more than two weeks in the country after being terminated from the job. Hence, there was no option but to escape from the place for these domestic workers. These workers must be entitled to visit their native lands thrice in a year. Nurses must be open-minded while caring for ethnic group as they communicate with people from different backgrounds. They should not avoid victims of domestic violence making them wait for long hours in hall. Such attitude should be made punishable by the government. Government of Hong Kong must take strict actions against lack of such professional ethics leading to endanger of victims (Constable, 2015). Case study of Pakistani worker This case study belongs to Mr F. a 65-year-old Pakistani man moved to Hong Kong, thirty years ago. As per the information, he works as building worker. He could well speak Cantonese but does not speak English. He has low education attainment. He was one of the several cases of the victim of forced labour and debt. He worked for 14 hours a day. During holy month of Ramadan, he had to fast for long hours and was permitted to work for six hours a day. During fast he was not supposed to chew gums, smoke, eat or drink. He was not allowed to pray namaz during his work and was discriminated on the basis of racial ground. He was treated brutally by the Chinese communities. He had two rest days every month and survived on insufficient food and had poor hygiene. He is frequently admitted in the hospital foe his weakness. His family lives in Pakistan and had to take care of himself. He had chemical dependency mainly Tobacco. He was admitted in hospital earlier and was diagnosed with tumour in h is left cheek. Social Determinants of Health The identified social determinants here are socioeconomic status, religion, low income, malnutrition, stressful work, and ethnicity. The other factors are same as that of the ethnic group of Indonesia. Health-related risk factors The health-related risk factors include hypertension, risk of ventilometric dysfunction, and respiratory difficulty due to inhalation of dust particles, musculoskeletal strain, intestinal parasitic infections, and suppressed immune functions and oral cancer. Strategies for health care to address the identified risk factors The strategies for addressing health issues are same as that mentioned for ethnic group of Indonesia. According to (Tong, 2014) both motivational and intervention phases should be included in the mental health interventions programs. It uses both patient histories to address the health issues as well as evidence-based practices. In addition to this, there should be a provision of palliative care in these communities. It s recommended that these ethnic minorities must avoid using folk medicines. Keeping in mind the age of Mr F he should completely avoid sedentary lifestyle and include diet lacking in saturated fats. He must regularly get his blood pressure and cholesterol checked. He should completely avoid having Tobacco. Rehabilitations are best options for such people (Cho, 2014). Recommendations The recommendations for this ethnic group are same as that of the former. Additionally, it is recommended that the government should ensure the protection of the human rights. There should be no discrimination against people with different religion, mental illness and psychosocial disability. The government should bridge the gap present in the mental health treatment. These domestic workers must have improved access to the health and social care (Kuo, 2014). Policies should be framed for health care providers to prevent sexual exploitation of these ethnic clients who attempt to receive abortion care or STI treatment. The government of Hong Kong must take actions against denial of medical services by physicians. The government of countries sending and receiving domestic workers must provide programs for awareness on various health risk factors and its prevention (Tong, 2014). Government of Hong Kong must ensure that the religious needs of this ethnic group are fulfilled. It is recommended to the healthcare organisation that more facilities and resources should be provided to promote culturally competent care. Nurses should be provided training to overcome linguistic barriers so that that can communicate well with patients of different cultures. Government of Hong Kong must formulate policies to ensure training programs for ethnic minorities to teach language and cultural competencies of Hong Kong (Constable, 2015). Summary There is a difference in both the cases discussed above in terms of discrimination. It is evident and can be interpreted from the first case that most of the domestic helpers underwent similar trauma, pain and agony working in Hong Kong. In the second case, the discrimination was based on the ground of religion. It is clear that these foreign workers were exploited due their low socioeconomic status and were taken advantage of weak income opportunities in their nations. They were subjected to abuse and discrimination due to racism and their ethnicity (Chung et al., 2015). Due to lack of proficiency in English, they had difficulty in communicating their health issues to the nurses in the admitted hospitals. Mr. F did not suffer from oral health issues as Mrs. X but suffered other major health issues such as cancer. Mrs. X received the minimum salary in addition to trauma, but Mr. F suffered lesser mental trauma and more of discrimination due to religion and ethnicity. Unlike, Mrs. X the health issues of later was mainly because of his occupation and his own addiction of Tobacco. Mr. F did not go through any sort of physical violence. Conclusion Hong Kong being commercial and economic based Metropolitan has been a great attraction for foreign domestic helpers. With the help of this case studies, the author described the vulnerabilities of the immigrant groups. It is also a major concern for many countries including Pakistan, Hong Kong, and Indonesia sending and receiving domestic helpers. These immigrant victims provide an opportunity for social determinants of health. The poor health of the ethnic minorities correlates with their social circumstances. Various psychosocial, material and behavioural pathways link the diseases and their prevalence in these underprivileged groups. Therefore, it is essential to address the social context, as focusing only on an improvement of the health behaviours will exaggerate the health inequalities. It is advocated to address the upstream determinants of health. Recently, due to rising voices and legal actions from some of the victims these immigrants are receiving worldwide attention. Presently, the well-being of these ethnic minorities in Hong Kong is the highest priority of World Health Organisation and International Labour Organisation (Cortes Pan, 2013). References Cho, H. Y. (2014). FOREIGN DOMESTIC WORKERS IN HONG KONG AND THEIR RIGHTS TO STATUTORY MINIMUM WAGE.FRONT COVER, 107. Chong, A. M., Kwan, C. W., Chi, I., Lou, V. W., Leung, A. Y. (2014). Domestic Helpers as Moderators of Spousal Caregiver Distress.The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbu034. Chung, R. Y., Mercer, S., Lai, F. T., Yip, B. H., Wong, M. C., Wong, S. Y. (2015). Socioeconomic Determinants of Multimorbidity: A Population-Based Household Survey of Hong Kong Chinese.PloS one,10(10), e0140040. Constable, N. (2013). Migrant workers, legal tactics, and fragile family formation in Hong Kong.Oati Socio-Legal Series,3(6). Constable, N. (2015). Temporary Shelter in the Shadows: Migrant Mothers and Torture Claims in Hong Kong.Migrant Encounters: Intimate Labor, the State, and Mobility Across Asia, 92. Constable, N. (2016). Surveillance, Discipline, and the Ins and Outs of Prison for Overstayers and Undocumented Workers in Hong Kong.Migration, Mobility, Displacement,2(1). Cortes, P., Pan, J. (2013). Outsourcing household production: Foreign domestic workers and native labor supply in Hong Kong.Journal of Labor Economics,31(2), 327-371. Gao, X., Chan, C. W., Mak, S. L., Ng, Z., Kwong, W. H., Kot, C. C. S. (2014). Oral Health of Foreign Domestic Workers: Exploring the Social Determinants.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,16(5), 926-933. Ho, W. Y. (2015). The emerging visibility of Islam through the powerless: Indonesian Muslim domestic helpers in Hong Kong.Asian Anthropology,14(1), 79-90. Iskandar, P. (2015). Shifting the Boundaries of Constitutionalism: Making Space for International Law in Indonesia.Available at SSRN 2589986. Kuo, H. (2014). Lessons from the West: Re-Evaluating the Rights and Regulation of Domestic Workers in Hong Kong by Learning from Canada and the United States.Journal of Law, Technology and Public Policy,1(1). Ladegaard, H. J. (2013). Demonising the cultural Other: Legitimising dehumanisation of foreign domestic helpers in the Hong Kong press.Discourse, Context Media,2(3), 131-140. Law, K. Y., Lee, K. M. (2016). Importing Western values versus indigenization: Social work practice with ethnic minorities in Hong Kong.International Social Work,59(1), 60-72. Malhotra, R., Arambepola, C., Tarun, S., de Silva, V., Kishore, J., stbye, T. (2013). Health issues of female foreign domestic workers: a systematic review of the scientific and gray literature.International journal of occupational and environmental health,19(4), 261-277. Mathews, G., Wai-chi, C. (2016). Detaining the Immigrant Other in Hong Kong.Detaining the Immigrant Other: Global and Transnational Issues, 105. Tong, K. W. (Ed.). (2014).Community Care in Hong Kong: Current practices, Practice-Research Studies and Future Directions. City University of HK Press. Wang, S. H. (2015). Constable argues that babies born out of placecut right to the heart of many prob-lems surrounding temporary labor migration in the world today(p. 2). Chapter 1 sketches out four such problems in Hong Kong: 1) laws governing foreign domestic workers make it virtually impossible to be a good worker as well as a good wife, mother and daughter(p. 9), forcing many to.Work, employment and society,29(4), 692-698.

The outcomes of La Machine Infernale Essay Example For Students

The outcomes of La Machine Infernale Essay His nai vety is what prevents him from seeing the trap he is walking into here : Une femme qui pourrait etre votre mire! Lessentiel est quelle ne le soit pas. In addition, his charming personality and flirtatious behaviour, Puis-je vous demander votre nom? are important in convincing the Sphinx to spare him, and give him the answer to the riddle. Finally, the Sphinx gives i dipus her human remains to take as evidence of his success, and therefore helps him on his way towards his tragic end. Had i dipus been more sensitive, she might have warned him of the mistake he was making, yet he was too vain to thank her, leading her to encourage him on his route to self-destruction, Vous raminerez ma di pouille i Thi bes et lavenir vous ri compensera selon vos mi rites. We will write a custom essay on The outcomes of La Machine Infernale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The third and final occurrence which I will use to assess the roles of fate, chance and human responsibility within the play, is the suicide and self-inflicted blindness which follow the revelation revealed in the final act. Up until this point, Fate had been the driving force behind the events which have taken place within the last seventeen years. We now reach the situation which has been set up and developed over the years to raise idipus to a status from which it would be please the Gods for him to fall from. It is chance that Polybe died at this time, after Jocaste and i dipus have produced four children, but during this scene, I believe that i dipus is responsible for the unveiling of how he has fulfilled his fate perfectly. One might argue that in expressing joy at the death of someone whom he believed to be his natural father, he is punished by the discovery of his adoption, vous ni tiez que son fils adoptif. As Tiresias points out, idipus likes to know everything, and as he pushes the messenger for more information, it is he himself who is responsible for the outcome of this scene, and the play in general, jinterrogerai sans crainte. Yet, i dipus cannot even be said to be honourable at this point, as he falsely blames Tiresias of having forced him to admit his crime, vous mavez poussi i dire que ji tais un assassin . Human responsibility becomes more evident when it is revealed how both Jocaste and i dipus lied to each other, Mon histoire de chassefausse come tant dautres, Jocaste a di mettre son crime sur le compte dune de ses servantes. At this point, Jocaste is tortured by that which she has ignored or been unaware of throughout her marriage, and i dipus is similarly delirious, cest fini fini before blinding himself. Jocaste and i dipus have displayed the same personality traits as they try to outwit the Gods, by running away from or abandoning that which connects them to the fate which has been prophesised. Their naivety is displayed at numerous points throughout, and in idipus case, the words are even said to him, Une femme qui pourrait etre votre mi re! , making his ignorance pathetic, if not comedic. Human responsibility is the last factor which plays a major role in this play, yet Fate is in my opnion, the most important of all as it is the fate decided by the Gods which was the starting point of the tragedy. Chance has a relatively small part to play, as although it decided the details such as how i dipus kills Laius, and the way in which Jocaste and i dipus find out they have committed incest, their fate and therefore the outcome of the play, remains the same.

How My Culture Influenced My Development

How My Culture Influenced My DevelopmentThe 'How My Culture Influenced My Development' essay is an intriguing and entertaining essay question. The essay is written by Mary Ann Bracchus, a Ph.D. candidate in counseling psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.In her essay, Mary Ann Bracchus asks the reader to consider a variety of critical topics related to her culture. She poses the following question: 'What is it about American culture that can teach me about myself?' She then describes her quest to understand the importance of personal development in the context of American culture.She discusses three issues: education, work life, and self-actualization. Specifically, she discusses the American value system of individualism, the ability to choose one's own path, and the value of 'self-expression'self-fulfillment.' She describes the differences between culture and individual behaviors as 'identity' and states, 'American culture values the ability to explore, define, and mak e new and unique self-images, to be creative in our behavior and expression.' She explains that the U.S. has a 'culture of truth' which is a 'theory of meaning' and an 'ethical system of judgment.'Mary Ann Bracchus also discusses the 'conceptualization' of leadership, which she defines as the process of formulating a 'perceived reality.' She describes the formation of the self through this process as 'inner perception,' and illustrates this by describing her experience of her adoption of the Asian style of speaking. In that adoption, she is able to speak in a way that seems natural to her, a process that she describes as 'a conceptualization.'In addition to these three themes, Mary Ann Bracchus describes her own experience with the values of self-expression and self-actualization. She defines the self as a 'perceived reality' and demonstrates this through her experience as a self-proclaimed life coach.Based on her experience as a life coach, Mary Ann Bracchus explains that there are four self-actualization perspectives: the Fermi-fish-egg theory, the Megalithic-anthropic perspective, the Phenomenal-spiritual approach, and the Onkwehón-weiki-psiyi perspective. In her essay, she describes her own concept of self-actualization as a practice of healing one's spirit.In order to develop self-actualization, Mary Ann Bracchus notes that there are two ways to do this: to accept yourself as you are or to accept yourself as you could be. To accept yourself as you are, would require that we accept that there is no higher truth than our own self-interpretation, that we cannot have greater meaning or purpose than what we define as 'me,' and that our humanity cannot outweigh our moral accountability to society. But to accept yourself as you could be would require that we acknowledge that what I believe about myself will not affect the way I interact with others, that I am only one human being with unique feelings, intentions, and beliefs.The 'How My Culture Influenced My De velopment' essay sample presented here offers an interesting and engaging look at the many different facets of American culture. It also provides a venue for students to evaluate their cultural identity and explain how they interpret their personal and cultural values. The focus of the essay is to encourage students to consider and identify their cultural influences while helping them recognize that there is no right or wrong answer to the question of how my culture influenced my development.

Health Care Reform Plans Essay Example

Health Care Reform Plans Essay Example Health Care Reform Plans Paper Health Care Reform Plans Paper The United States of America health care system is in dear need of a proper health care reform plan that can address the current health needs of Americans. As at now many Americans know from grim, personal experiences which have been manifested as challenges regarding the health care system in America is concerned. In this year’s presidential ambition, Barrack Obama is offering the prospects of enabling change and reform of the American health care system. (Hudson, 2000). The genesis of Barrack’s healthcare reform plan The United States of America which is one of the most wealth nations in the world is expected to offer its citizens the best among all the nations, one of the most outstanding healthcare services in the world. This however is not true about the real scenario which Americans are currently experiencing. The quality of healthcare services in America are still lagging behind amongst the counterpart developed nations of the world. Currently every American acknowledges the gap that is there in healthcare quality service rendering in the U.S.A., Both the presidential aspirants acknowledges the seriousness of the matter and have committed themselves towards rectifying the current problem in health care delivery. There arte problems in the healthcare system of the U.S.A and these problems have also been affecting various sectors of development. Barrack was driven by the situational analysis of the current prevailing status of the health care system and he managed to come up with a precise healthcare reform plan which realized a problem in the health insurance coverage. There are almost 45 million healthcare uninsured Americans and there is dear need of the expansion of the existing private and public programs. Goals of the Barrack’s Health care Plan The plan aims at provision of affordable, accessible and quality health care for all Americans, strengthened on the accessible health care system, and uses existing doctors and plans to execute the plan. The barracks health care reform plan opts to bring together the players in the health insurance sector. The plan is formulated to offer federal subsidies and mandates in the healthcare insurance covers. Barrack’s most outstanding reform in this plan will be the regulation of the federal exchange where all Americans currently not under health cover at work. The workers would be able to would be able to choose from the numerous health care insurance. The public health insurers according to this plan will also be capable of competing with the private healthcare  insurers (Philemon, 2007). The plan also venture in finding out ways of coming up with various means of addressing the poor quality in health care services, how to lower the healthcare costs in the long run. Some of the suggested ways of achieving this has been put forward as maximizing on the reliance of the electronic medical records and enhanced care of the terminally ill. The barrack’s healthcare reform plan also has various arrays of means of making the insurance available and cost effective to all  Americans. John Edward’s healthcare reform plan was also formulated with an objective of enhancing the Support of the Local health care Infrastructure. The senator’s plan proposed that there should be a thorough refurbishment and reformation of the infrastructure that support the accessibility of health care by the Americans. Issues to do with information systems, which are aimed at improving patient safety and healthcare efficiency were to be given prior consideration towards making sure that this situation prevailed. Some of the things proposed in the Edward’s health care reform plan were initiating an automated health care dispensers that could quickly dispense drugs, having the pharmacists work one on one with the patients in order to reduce the associated risks which are currently experienced as a result of prescription errors. Financing the plan The Barrack’s healthcare reform plan has prospects of disbursing approximately fifty to sixty five billion united states of American dollars to the health care exertion by gently inclining back the Bush tax cut offs for the Americans earning more than two hundred and fifty thousands dollars per annum and holding back the estate tax at its two thousands and nine level. In totaling much of the funding for the health care plan will come from investments within the health care delivery system. Benefits of the health care plan New public program would be created that would appear a lot like Medicare for those with more than 65 years of age. This plan would has been proposed for those who do not have access to an employer plan and meet the requirements for accessible government programs like Medicaid or SCHIP. The barrack’s health care reform plan will increase the amount of subsidies offered to the health insurance providers in order to increase the coverage of this providers and there affordability. Health insurance exchange which would be the governments mandate marketing institute, would sell be selling insurance plans openly to those who did not have an employer plan or public coverage. The plan will offer the provision to enable the employer no option of controlling how an American decides who should offer him or her health insurance cover. The general family health cover Mandate will be optional either through private or public health insurance plan.

Intro to business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Neural basis of game theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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