Consumerism A Disease in the Chinese and European...

Consumerism: A Disease in the Chinese and European Community Introduction: According to the State of World (2004) report, China, UK and Western Europeans have had a bar on untenable over- consumption for decades. Roughly 1.7 billion people globally now fit in to the consumer class the group of people distinguished by diets of extremely processed food, yearning for bigger houses, better and bigger cars, higher level of revolving credit, and lifestyles dedicated to hoard unnecessary goods. Today nearly half of global consumers dwell in developing countries like India and China. As we enter the dawn of the new century this consumerist appetite is dejection the natural systems that the humanity has been relying on and making it difficult for the majority of this world to meet their ends meet. Its a chaos out there. Every men and women are trying to at least look better, superior and wealthier than the other one. People are neglecting their basic needs and spending more on flashing gadgets and expensive hand bangs just to look cool walking down the street. This culture of the beast has introduced some unthinkable problem in our society ranging from psychological problems to overeating to higher suicide rates. But the question is why we have become the way we are. What has caused this global consumerism in the past few decades? Why is everyone trying to compete each other? One of the several major factors that influence mass consumption is advertizing. DiverseShow MoreRelatedEssay on A.P.U.S.H unit 6 study guide4910 Words   |  20 Pagesshared by all Plains tribes was the fact that they all hunted bison or buffalo. This was also the economic basis of their way of life since hunting provided them with food and skins, which they could trade for goods. 3 What was the effect of disease on the western Indians? It killed off many of the Indians leaving them outnumbered when it came to whites and their moving of them off the their lands 4 What were the key challenges and disadvantages that the Plains Indians had in theirRead MoreChapter 30 Ap Euro Outline Essay2891 Words   |  12 PagesChapter 30: The West at the Dawn of the 21st Century~. ----------------------------------- The 20th century movement of people: The Soviet communists’ forced removal of the Russian peasants and the Nazi’s deportations and execution of European Jews were only the most dramatic examples of this development. Many moved from the countryside to the cities. Other vast forced movements due to the government caused millions of Germans Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Finns, ChechensRead MoreConsumption and Mortality: Tackling the Problem of Childhood Obesity3599 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿CONSUMPTION AND MORALITY According to the State of World (2004) report, China, UK and Western Europeans have had a bar on untenable over- consumption for decades. Roughly 1.7 billion people globally now fit in to the consumer class the group of people distinguished by diets of extremely processed food, yearning for bigger houses, better and bigger cars, higher level of revolving credit, and lifestyles dedicated to hoard unnecessary goods (Whittaker 2003). Today nearly half of global consumersRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesCongress from 1938 until 1941. (This dominance lasted until 1963!) However, some conservative points of view were maintained, almost unchallenged, throughout the 1930s: * Nationalism (support for America and its interests) * Isolation from European wars / treaties etc * Opposition to communism * Restricted immigration, to retain American social balance and to keep out communism * the maintenance of existing social hierarchy so that the wealthy dominated politics * ChristianRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesthe government bodies, United Nations, the European Union and the Non-governmental organizations for the integration of immigrants and foreigners in the Czech Republic. As a way of encouraging integration, the ministry of culture represents intercultural dialogue within the state policy. The ministry also give support to cultural activities of members of national minorities living in the country, support for integration of members of the Roma community and immigrants. The Department of Arts, LibrariesRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance a. World Governance 15. Others a. Cooperation b. Education c. Crime d. Liberty or Security e. Consumerism 1. Media 1a. New vs. Traditional GENERAL Intro: †¢ The first quarter of 2043 will be when the last newspapers land on front process all over America. This is the prediction the author of ‘The Vanishing Newspaper’ †¦ †¢ Advent of tech hasRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagesa Big Impact.† (Do not use the large map. Scroll down past it) Describe how global warming might affect the following†¦. a. extreme weather b. ecosystem impacts c. rising sea levels d. ocean acidification e. pests and disease f. agricultural impacts Climate Change and Global Warming   What Is Global Warming And Climate Change? Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activitiesRead MoreCultural Dimensions and Global Web Design6220 Words   |  25 Pagesown native system. Let us not forget that Hindu-Arabic numerals, which Western society now takes for granted, were once viewed as the work of the devil by Christian Europe, and educated people for hundreds of years blocked their introduction into European society. Whether people view imports from other cultures as delightful gifts or poisonous viruses is often a matter of socio-political context. Consider the order in which you prefer to find information. If you are planning a trip by train, do youRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pagesproblems with Coke s distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. Mexican-made Coca-Cola may often be found for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community.  Kosher  for  Passover  Coke is also made with cane sugar, rather than corn syrup, due to the special dietary restrictions for observant Jews. Some  Orthodox Jews  do not consume corn during the holiday. Bottled with yellow caps, this variant can be found

Cross-Dressing in Shakespeare Plays

Federal Emergency Management Agency - 3124 Words

For the past 35 years, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, commonly known as FEMA, has been dedicated to preparing, protecting, responding and serving the American people following major disasters and crisis. Effective on April 1, 1979 under President Jimmy Carter’s administration and funded through federal funding, FEMA has been committed to preparing, protecting, responding and assisting in recovery efforts in the state as well as the local government during crisis and disasters. Similarly to any agency, FEMA has faced many challenges when providing funding to victims and survivors of disasters. Critics have criticized FEMA in their response to disasters. Prior to FEMA, there was the Congressional Act of 1803. This Act was the first disaster legislation available to the American people. The Act was able to provide the town of Portsmouth, New Hampshire with assistance after an extensive fire swept through the town in 1802 (FEMA, 2010). Congress provided the state and local governments with federal funding to rebuild after the disaster. Throughout the 19th century, there were many extensive fires including one in New York City in 1835 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 ( FEMA, 2010). These disasters caused Congress to ad hoc legislation to protect and assist the survivors. The survivors were able to have their financial obligations temporarily suspended. During the 1920’s under President Calvin Coolidge’s administration, the Federal government provided minimalShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) describes the National Planning Frame works, which contains preparedness missions for the whole community (individuals, families, businesses, all types of community organizations, non-profit groups, media outlets, academies, and all levels of government including state, local, tribal, territorial, and federal partners, (FEMA 2015), as a way to foster a shared understanding of the roles and responsibilities from the first responders to the Federal governmentRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a body under the United States Department of Homeland Security that was created in 1978 to improve the safety of the American residents, especially during disasters. FEMA has a primary mandate of coordinating the response to any disaster that may occur in the U.S. and that overwhelms both local and state authorities’ resources. FEMA comes in to aid only after the governor of the involved state has declared a state of emergency and has madeRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Fall of Legitimacy: A Review of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from 1979 to 2005 Introduction Legitimacy is the lifeblood of an organization. With conflict and competition a clear winner is considered legitimate. Cooperation, however, offers the potential for legitimacy for multiple parties. A legitimate organization has authority based on being representative, accountable, responsible, effectiveness, efficiency, minimal interference from political pressure, and establishedRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1403 Words   |  6 Pagesword as â€Å"a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive change†. (Dictionary, n.d.). The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has created a chart in which there are several criteria for determining when a situation is qualified as a disaster, only then, may federal aid be available to the communities. According to authors Timothy Sellnow and Matthew Seeger, the criteria allow â€Å"the FEMA to assess the relative magnitude ofRead MoreThe Fede ral Emergency Management Agency1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Federal Emergency Management Agency is here to help a city rebuild and recover after natural or manmade disasters. When FEMA isn’t enough to help recover from the damage, the city is lost. For a city or country ability to rebuild after a natural disaster depends on the city s strength and the government’s response to the disaster. If a city cannot recover after a natural disaster it is all on the government. A city need a strong stable government in order to thrive. Once disaster hit it’sRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency2125 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction On April 1, 1979 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) emerged in the United States. The purpose of this agency was to coordinate the response to all types of crises in America to help alleviate local and state government crisis management. In the case of a major crisis in a state, the governor must declare a state of emergency, and request to the president that the state is in need of assistance from FEMA. In addition to assisting states in crisis management, FEMA also provides trainingRead MoreThe Creation Of Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe situations first hand so that the American people were catered to at a quicker response and in a manner that was assessed for safety situations. â€Å"On April 1, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). From day one, FEMA has remained committed to protecting and serving the American people. That commitmen t to the people we serve and the belief in our survivor centric mission will never change.† This is stated on fema.gov; thisRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1348 Words   |  6 Pagescontext, with great concern, the federal government has placed an ever larger portion of its national focus on promoting a more efficient response to such concern via disaster mitigation and management with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. A historical extension of the federal government for which is principle utilized for disaster aid and response, this agency is as much a direct extension of the current presidential administration as it is a crisis agency for social good. This simple descriptionRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1005 Words   |  5 Pages In 1979 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was created to offer services the states had not substantially invested in and the consumer market had not offered (Moynihan, 2013). The idea was that on a national level it would be cheaper to establish one higher level agency to develop expertise on how to deal with disasters (Moynihan, 2013). Our national government has the ability to create and enforce common policies which would avoid the confusion of multiple state, local and nationalRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency961 Words   |  4 Pagespreparations that can enable us to minimize the effects of the natural disasters as much as possible when and if they happen. The Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA is primarily charged with ensuring that the Americans are all safe in case of any emergency. This is the basis of all their engagements and departments that exist therein. The range of emergencies that are included in the FEMA field of operation are natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, wild fires, earthquakes and man made

The Criminal Justice System Essay - 1432 Words

In regard to mythmaking, those who have a vast amount of power and control over the people are typically the ones responsible for fabricating such accounts in order to avoid certain areas of concern. The criminal justice system as a whole, embodies thousands of authoritative figures that citizens confide in. Myths that are fabricated within criminal justice play a vital part in coercing American society’s thoughts and perception, which by its nature, can serve as an advantage to some and destructive to others (Griffin, Woodward, Sloan, 2016). According to Griffin, et al., individuals who perceive that these myths serve a purpose will seek to achieve ideals. In making this attempt, if at first they do not succeed, their ambition heightens and they try again. In contrary, others may take such myths as an attempt to guard an already biased, and unethical justice system (p. 126). In terms of criminal justice and mythology, there have been many influential contributors who have studied this specific topic. Emile Durkheim argued that in order to reinforce societal norms, that were parallel to the meaning behind laws, crime occurrence and punishment were significant (Griffin, et al., 2016). Along with Durkheim’s ideas, Robert Bohm argued that law is enacted by the interest of those who obtain much power in order to surpass groups below them. With this, the making of myths will benefit those of higher authority to enforce these laws and crime control policies (p. 126-127).Show MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separate agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function an d goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent different concerns and values of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objective s of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system has for long been faced by a lot of caseloads, an issue which has been heaping a lot of pressure on the stakeholders.  Ã‚  The cause of increased workload is lack of adequate resources to deal with the caseload. Some people have argued that the only way to deal with the overloads is to provide more money to the criminal justice systems so that everyone involved will be able to do the required tasks and in so doing reduce the number of cases while scholars think that the onlyRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pages Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, thereforeRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 PagesNorways criminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is w here the methodologies clash: should the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who inve stigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendantRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesselected is criminal justice. The criminal Justice system is a compilation of federal, state or local agencies that concern issues dealing with crime. This public policy is provided by the judicial, executive and legislative branches of government. The task of the criminal justice system is to figure out the truth, defend the innocent and even to make the guilty parties punishment not as harsh as it is originally said to be (cliffnots). And most of to provide justice. In criminal justice the federal

Ethical Dilemma using DET Technique Doing Ethics Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Report for Ethical Dilemma using DET Technique of Doing Ethics Techniques. Answer: Introduction Doing Ethics Techniques is defined as one of the most significant tool that helps in searching out the both ethical as well as non-ethical issues that are related with a scenario. The method assists in motivating the researchers in order to find out the answers of the simple questions that are helpful in finding all the incidents that are related with the scenario. In this assignment, Doing Ethics Technique is used in order to describe the nature of the incident (https://www.scmagazine.com/nhs-sharing-unfiltered-medical-data-on-16m-patients-with-google-ai-company/article/493730/). The findings of the research have been discussed in this report. The Scenario The incident The incident that is discussed is reported by one the news website (https://www.scmagazine.com/nhs-sharing-unfiltered-medical-data-on-16m-patients-with-google-ai-company/article/493730/). The title of the news article is NHS sharing unfiltered medical data on 1.6M patients with Google AI Company and the article was published on 2nd May 2016. The incident is helpful in describing the news historical healthcare data on 1.6 million patients with Google's artificial intelligence company DeepMind. The National Health Service have contracted with the Googles artificial Intelligence and as a result the health care service was agreed to share both the new as well as the historical data of 1.6 million patients (Bradley, 2016).The data was provided to the Googles artificial Intelligence as a part of joint venture in order to develop groundbreaking apps for the healthcare. Performing DET on the article What is going on? The healthcare NHS has signed a contract with a company named DeepMind. The company agreed to provide both the historical as well recent data of the patients to the company. This is because the company DeepMind with the help of Googles artificial intelligence aimed at implementing an app that helps in detecting the functioning of the kidney (Bradley, 2016). The data of the healthcare will be helpful for DeepMind in implementing the app. What are the facts? In order to implement better apps for the health care the National Health Service have sign a contract by agreeing the fact that they will provide both the historical as well as recent information about 1.6 million patients to the Googles artificial Intelligence company DeepMind. The organization or the company DeepMind will get comprehensive access to the medical data of those patients who have visited the three hospital of London (Bradley, 2016). The three hospitals include Royal Free NHS Trust- Barnet General, Royal Free and Chase Farm. The data may reveal the history about drug abuse, abortions, and other different sensitive information (Warren Lucas, 2016). It was later announced by the company DeepMind that it was partnering with NHS in order to create an app that is known as Streams that helps in monitoring the function of kidney (Burmeister et al., 2014). It also helps in the implementation procedure of an early stage task management that is known as Hark, which is designed in order to help the medical experts in their organization thus it helps in providing more efficient care. What are the ethical and non- ethical issues? The healthcare NHS agreed to share both the new as well as historical data of 1.6 million patients. This is an ethical issue because privacy of the data gets destroyed. The data may reveal the history about drug abuse, abortions, and other different sensitive information (Jones, 2016). The data or information about the names, addresses as well as financial data including credit card number gets revealed which can create problem for the patients. The unethical issue that was found in the scenario is that the data are used for creating an app which will be helpful in detecting the functioning of the kidney (Kavathatzopoulos, 2015). According to an agreement, The DeepMind has to delete the copies of patients data after the implementation process of the app gets completed or when the agreement between the both expires. Who is affected? The NHS share sensitive data to the company and as a result 1.6 million people are in danger as there is a chance of revelation about their personal data including financial (Kilchoer et al., 2014).The data and information of the patients are unsecure and if it gets revealed then it will raise a lot of problem to them. What are the ethical issues and implications? The sharing of data and information about the patients is one of the ethical issues (Lindley et al., 2013). The sharing of data may reveal some sensitive information about the patients including their personal as well as financial data. In order to keep the data secure, the healthcare must keep a contract with DeepMind so that the privacy of the patients does not get accessed. (Muhammad Shah, 2015). The contract must highlights the fact that it is the responsibility of the company to keep the data secure. What can be done about it? In order to keep the data and information of the patients secure, it is the responsibility of both the healthcare as well as the company to be conscious and implement proper strategies to avoid revelation of sensitive information about the patients. What are the options? The options that are required in order to keep the data of the patient secure include: The company needs to build a database which is accessed only by the higher authorities of the organization. The company needs to implement a legal rule for maintaining the confidentiality of the data, so that if any how if an individuals data gets hacked, they can take legal action. Which option is best and why? The best option to keep the data and information of the patients secure the DeepMind needs to built a database which is only accessed by the higher authorities of the organization. The option reduces the chance of revelation because the procedure increases the confidentiality of the data. Conclusion The application of Doing Ethics Technique on the selected article is helpful in understanding the ethical issue that is related with the incident. The outcome from the analysis is very much helpful in understanding the situation. The recommendation or implication provided is helpful in enhancing the confidentiality of the data and information of the patients. References Bradley Barth, S. (2016).NHS sharing unfiltered medical data on 1.6M patients with Google AI company.SC Magazine. Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://www.scmagazine.com/nhs-sharing-unfiltered-medical-data-on-16m-patients-with-google-ai-company/article/493730/ Burmeister, O., Al-Saggaf, Y., Schwartz, M., Johnson, L. (2014). Internet resources to help Australian ICT professionals identify and solve ethical challenges. ACIS. Jones, S. (2016). Doing the right thing: computer ethics pedagogy revisited.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,14(1), 33-48. Kavathatzopoulos, I. (2015). ICT and sustainability: skills and methods for dialogue and policy making.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,13(1), 13-18. Kilchoer, S. L., Beersma, B., Homan, A. (2014). The role of Ethical Leadership in the Task/Relationship Conflict Dilemma and its influence on Job Outcomes. Lindley, D., Aynsley, B., Driver, M., Godfrey, R., Hart, R., Heinrich, G., ... Wilkinson, K. (2013). 11. Educating for professionalism in ICT: Is learning ethics professional development?.Professionalism in the Information and Communication Technology Industry,3, 211. Muhammad, A., Ahamd, F., Shah, A. (2015). Resolving Ethical Dilemma in Technology Enhanced Education through smart mobile devices.International Arab Journal of e-Technology,4(1), 25-31. Warren, M., Lucas, R. (2016). Ethics and ICT: Why all the fuss?.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,14(2).

Cultural and Society Diversity in Health Care

Questions: This assessment task requires the completion of two(2) case studies. Students need to choose a different cultural group for each study and in the construction of each case , they are to consider and address the following: 1. Briefly discuss the social determinants of health as they apply to the identified cultural groups. 2. Describe health related risk factors for people from the identified cultural group. 3.Critically discuss strategies in place for the provision of health care to address the identified risk factors. 4. Based on available evidence and your understanding of the critical health issues among the identified cultural group, suggiest possible strategies and recommendations to address deficits. 5. Present a coherent summary that identifies similarities and differences between the two case studies. Answers: Introduction Over the past ten years, there is an increase in the number of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong (Cho, 2014). In Hong Kong, the significant amount of migrant workers constitutes of foreign domestic helper (Cortes Pan, 2013). This immigrant community provides an opportunity for understanding "Social determinants of health." Across the nations, there is the increase in trend of hiring paid domestic helpers from other countries by the household to delegate their household activities. The reason being, their nationals are not inclined to do domestic work. Therefore, less developed countries (Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.) are taken advantage of their domestic workers (Law Lee, 2016). Due to a high cost of labor and its shortage, workers were recruited from foreign countries. According to national survey reports of Hong Kong, in 2013, there was total of 320,000 foreign domestic and other workers. Out of which, 50 percent of these employees were from the Philippines, 47% from Indone sia and the rest from other places (Constable, 2016). Therefore, Hong Kong is trying to promote culturally competent care. In this assignment, the author will discuss two case studies one of domestic helper and other working in Hong Kong. One of them is Indonesian domestic helper, and the other is South Asian (Pakistani) living in Hong Kong. The author will detail the social determinants of Health as they apply to the identified cultural groups. From each of these groups, health-related factors for the people would be described as the people. Further, the author will critically discuss the strategies in place for the provision of health care to address the identified risk factors. Based on the evidence of the critical health issues among the identified cultural group, the author will suggest possible strategies and recommendations to address deficits. Lastly, the similarities and differences between the two case studies will be summarized. The author will perform a literature search on recent articles to support the facts and arguments. Case study of Indonesian domestic helper This case study belongs to Mrs. X a 33-year-old Indonesian woman moved to Hong Kong, three years ago. As per the information, her involuntary nature of work includes agency fees of $3000 HKD for seven months. Her passport and contract are confiscated by Hong Kong agent. She was misinformed of her terms of employment, and other details were deceptive. She has little knowledge of English but speaks Cantonese. She was one of the several cases of the victim of forced labour and debt. She worked for 18 hours a day, and lived in a servant room and slept on the floor. During her working days, she was verbally and psychologically abused, treated like a slave, and was tortured by her employer for several months. She was beaten daily on head by a mope handle, punched on face including other indecent assaults. She had no rest days. She received no salary for first six months and later she was the underpayment of $200 initially and $2100 and survived on insufficient and mainly sweetened food. Sh e was locked in the house by the householder most of the time. She escaped after two years and nine months. She was later admitted in hospital and her medical history shows respiratory difficulties and musculoskeletal strain. During her treatment she had difficulty in communicating with nurse due to language barrier. Social Determinants of Health The contemporary approach to taking action on inequalities of health requires identification of social determinants. The environmental conditions in which people live and resources such as education, transportation, food supply and social relationships that improve the quality of life together comprises social determinant (Law Lee, 2016). The identified social determinant associated with health issues of Mrs. X. includes socioeconomic status, income inequality, and ethnicity. These ethnic groups are treated miserably as the employers are aware that these women have low education attainment, poor economic background, and poverty. According to studies of (Cortes Pan, 2013), a majority of workers from Indonesia working in Hong Kong suffer from oral health issues and remain untreated. As a result of low wage and long working hours, these employees neglect their health checkups and personal hygiene such as brushing teeth and use of dental floss. Living in an untidy environment and lack of healthy food, privacy and freedom to participate in self-care activities, made her physically weak and prone to respiratory difficulties. Confined in the house, they lack social connectedness thus are lonely and depressed giving rise to other psychological disorders. Therefore, only "biology" is not always responsible for the various health outcomes. Without any friends and family support, they are unable to relieve distress, obtain health information. Eventually, it decreases their ability to control their circumstances and lives. The figure below represents the public health framework. It depicts how the macro, micro and the intermediate determinates of health are related. Health-related risk factors The health-related risk factors are several mental disorders, respiratory difficulties, hypertension, depression and occasional insomnia, musculoskeletal strain, dental caries and periodontal diseases. Strategies for health care to address the identified risk factors There should be a regular distribution of information related to mental disorders and those with available effective therapeutic treatment. At a local level, there should be information related to "social, economic, and environmental stressors (Cortes Pan, 2013). Additionally, community engagement is necessary for the intervention to psychological distress by involving residents in problem solving. Knowledge should be provided on how local social, environmental and economic factors contribute or ameliorate psychological distress. There should be the proper assessment of all health care facilities and initiatives on their impact on "physical and mental health equity. Indonesia must put effort to enhance positive family involvement and support to domestic workers abroad. Hong Kong must address the "loneliness and depression" by providing support to improve family contact by cheaper means of communication (Mathews Wai-chi, 2016). Showing culturally competent care by nurses may help patients motivated. Mrs. X must open her heart and mind. It will help her understand others cultures and global socio-political and health issues which in turn increase her commitment to improve her personal and professional growth. She must learn to develop cultural competence. Improvement of counselling services in other languages instead of only Chinese should be promoted to make intervention effective for the ethnic minorities. Public hospitals must publicize about their intervention and interpretation and other TransLingual services by internet, newsletters or posters printed in ethnic minority languages about details of application and charges. These services must at least cover 18 minority languages (Malhotra et al., 2016). Recommendations It is recommended that Mrs. X and other workers like her must get medical facilities free of cost. The employers are entitled to take care of medical emergencies of their employees but in vain. Therefore, the employment agencies must ensure that the companies abide by the government rules strictly. The government of countries sending and receiving domestic helpers must implement policies to provide minimum education for all the girls with English as a compulsory subject. This will enable them to fetch better jobs and at least read the documents properly before signing any official agreements or bonds (Tong, 2014). According to (Iskandar, 2015) the domestic workers of Indonesia are at serious risk of "human and labor right violations" in Hong Kong. Researchers are required to understand better the "epidemiology" of such conditions faced by female foreign domestic workers. A concerted effort is needed from the government of labour-sending and receiving countries. These social determinants imply for effective policy making in Hong Kong as well as in countries exporting domestic helpers. During the policy making, the interests of domestic workers, employers, stakeholders, employment agencies, non-government organizations must be considered. According to (Constable, 2013) Hong Kong followed "Two Week Rule," which states that no employee is allowed to stay for more than two weeks in the country after being terminated from the job. Hence, there was no option but to escape from the place for these domestic workers. These workers must be entitled to visit their native lands thrice in a year. Nurses must be open-minded while caring for ethnic group as they communicate with people from different backgrounds. They should not avoid victims of domestic violence making them wait for long hours in hall. Such attitude should be made punishable by the government. Government of Hong Kong must take strict actions against lack of such professional ethics leading to endanger of victims (Constable, 2015). Case study of Pakistani worker This case study belongs to Mr F. a 65-year-old Pakistani man moved to Hong Kong, thirty years ago. As per the information, he works as building worker. He could well speak Cantonese but does not speak English. He has low education attainment. He was one of the several cases of the victim of forced labour and debt. He worked for 14 hours a day. During holy month of Ramadan, he had to fast for long hours and was permitted to work for six hours a day. During fast he was not supposed to chew gums, smoke, eat or drink. He was not allowed to pray namaz during his work and was discriminated on the basis of racial ground. He was treated brutally by the Chinese communities. He had two rest days every month and survived on insufficient food and had poor hygiene. He is frequently admitted in the hospital foe his weakness. His family lives in Pakistan and had to take care of himself. He had chemical dependency mainly Tobacco. He was admitted in hospital earlier and was diagnosed with tumour in h is left cheek. Social Determinants of Health The identified social determinants here are socioeconomic status, religion, low income, malnutrition, stressful work, and ethnicity. The other factors are same as that of the ethnic group of Indonesia. Health-related risk factors The health-related risk factors include hypertension, risk of ventilometric dysfunction, and respiratory difficulty due to inhalation of dust particles, musculoskeletal strain, intestinal parasitic infections, and suppressed immune functions and oral cancer. Strategies for health care to address the identified risk factors The strategies for addressing health issues are same as that mentioned for ethnic group of Indonesia. According to (Tong, 2014) both motivational and intervention phases should be included in the mental health interventions programs. It uses both patient histories to address the health issues as well as evidence-based practices. In addition to this, there should be a provision of palliative care in these communities. It s recommended that these ethnic minorities must avoid using folk medicines. Keeping in mind the age of Mr F he should completely avoid sedentary lifestyle and include diet lacking in saturated fats. He must regularly get his blood pressure and cholesterol checked. He should completely avoid having Tobacco. Rehabilitations are best options for such people (Cho, 2014). Recommendations The recommendations for this ethnic group are same as that of the former. Additionally, it is recommended that the government should ensure the protection of the human rights. There should be no discrimination against people with different religion, mental illness and psychosocial disability. The government should bridge the gap present in the mental health treatment. These domestic workers must have improved access to the health and social care (Kuo, 2014). Policies should be framed for health care providers to prevent sexual exploitation of these ethnic clients who attempt to receive abortion care or STI treatment. The government of Hong Kong must take actions against denial of medical services by physicians. The government of countries sending and receiving domestic workers must provide programs for awareness on various health risk factors and its prevention (Tong, 2014). Government of Hong Kong must ensure that the religious needs of this ethnic group are fulfilled. It is recommended to the healthcare organisation that more facilities and resources should be provided to promote culturally competent care. Nurses should be provided training to overcome linguistic barriers so that that can communicate well with patients of different cultures. Government of Hong Kong must formulate policies to ensure training programs for ethnic minorities to teach language and cultural competencies of Hong Kong (Constable, 2015). Summary There is a difference in both the cases discussed above in terms of discrimination. It is evident and can be interpreted from the first case that most of the domestic helpers underwent similar trauma, pain and agony working in Hong Kong. In the second case, the discrimination was based on the ground of religion. It is clear that these foreign workers were exploited due their low socioeconomic status and were taken advantage of weak income opportunities in their nations. They were subjected to abuse and discrimination due to racism and their ethnicity (Chung et al., 2015). Due to lack of proficiency in English, they had difficulty in communicating their health issues to the nurses in the admitted hospitals. Mr. F did not suffer from oral health issues as Mrs. X but suffered other major health issues such as cancer. Mrs. X received the minimum salary in addition to trauma, but Mr. F suffered lesser mental trauma and more of discrimination due to religion and ethnicity. Unlike, Mrs. X the health issues of later was mainly because of his occupation and his own addiction of Tobacco. Mr. F did not go through any sort of physical violence. Conclusion Hong Kong being commercial and economic based Metropolitan has been a great attraction for foreign domestic helpers. With the help of this case studies, the author described the vulnerabilities of the immigrant groups. It is also a major concern for many countries including Pakistan, Hong Kong, and Indonesia sending and receiving domestic helpers. These immigrant victims provide an opportunity for social determinants of health. The poor health of the ethnic minorities correlates with their social circumstances. Various psychosocial, material and behavioural pathways link the diseases and their prevalence in these underprivileged groups. Therefore, it is essential to address the social context, as focusing only on an improvement of the health behaviours will exaggerate the health inequalities. It is advocated to address the upstream determinants of health. 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